“In the 1st Degree”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In the 1st Degree is an interactive legal drama adventure computer game released in 1995 by Brøderbund in which the player plays the role of a prosecutor attempting to convict an artist for grand theft and the first-degree murder of his business partner. The player must first examine evidence, then interview witnesses, and finally go to trial to secure a conviction. The program was developed by Peter Adair and Haney Armstrong of Adair and Armstrong.

Production

This game served as a departure from what Broderbund usually published, and was the first in their catalogue to tackle human drama and film-making in this way.^[1]^[2]

The San Francisco City Hall Courthouse was used for the courthouse setting, and the actors were filmed separately in front of a bluescreen. The shot was composited later using computer software.^[3]

The game has a high degree of realism due to having San Francisco assistant district attorney Al Giannini as legal consultant during the script writing and filming.^[4]

Plot

James Tobin is a struggling artist in San Francisco who owns an art gallery with his business partner, Zachary Barnes. For some time, the gallery is a lucrative business. However, after a new series of Tobin's paintings fail to sell, the gallery struggles financially. Tensions rise further when a burglary occurs at the gallery and Tobin's new series of paintings are stolen. During this time, unrelatedly, Barnes and Tobin's girlfriend, Ruby Garcia, have a one-night stand. One morning a few weeks later, an incident occurs between Tobin and Barnes at the gallery and Tobin shoots Barnes dead.

Tobin claims that he killed Barnes in self-defense following an argument and a struggle. The police do not accept this claim and believe the killing to be an act of premeditation. They believe that the burglary several weeks before Barnes' death was carried out by Tobin himself, that he stole his own paintings to gain the insurance money to save the struggling gallery. Saying that Tobin killed Barnes not only to cover up his crime but also as an act of revenge for Barnes' affair with his girlfriend, the police arrest Tobin and charge him with grand theft and murder in the first degree.

Gameplay

The game is played through the eyes of San Francisco District Attorney Sterling Granger. The game begins with a video clip in which the homicide is announced on the news. After that, police detective Inspector Looper briefs the player on some of the facts of the case that have been discovered in her investigation. (Like all character interactions in this game, the briefing by Looper is full motion video, with the player having a first-person view.)

The player is then taken to Granger's office, where the player can choose to examine various evidence documents and photographs; view videos from Looper's interrogations of Tobin, Ruby, Barnes' wife Yvonne, or gallery employee Simon Lee; interview each of them (except Tobin) directly; or go to trial.

The main gameplay is the pre-trial interviewing and the direct or cross-examination of witnesses at trial. During interviews (and during the trial), the player is given a choice of questions to ask, each of which elicits a different response from the witness. Based on these questions and their responses, new questions become available. Only if the player asks the proper questions (and, sometimes, in the proper order) will the necessary information come out during the trial to secure a conviction against Tobin. (For example, if the player fails to make Ruby comfortable about discussing her affair with Barnes during the initial interview, she may deny ever having the affair when asked about it at trial.) In asking questions, the player also has to deal with the witnesses' different personality types and their relationships with Barnes, with Tobin, and with each other. (For example, Barnes' widow Yvonne, who works as the press secretary for San Francisco's mayor, speaks in a relatively calm and dignified manner, whereas Tobin's girlfriend Ruby is quick-tempered and can become very hostile.)

During the trial portion of the game, a video clip of a local newscast follows each witness' testimony. In those clips, reporters analyze the prosecutor's performance (and, thus, the player's performance) in the examination of that particular witness. The player's examination of a witness also can have an effect on the kinds of questions asked by Tobin's attorney and the witness' response to them.

Based on the player's overall performance, there are several possible outcomes to the game. The worst possible outcome is that the case is simply dismissed. The game may also end in Tobin's acquittal or with Tobin being convicted of lesser crimes (i.e. manslaughter or second-degree murder), with or without a grand theft conviction. The best possible outcome is a conviction for both grand theft and first-degree murder.

Development

Critical reception

GameSpot praised its " originality and accessibility".^[14] CD-Rom Today wrote " The interface is blessedly simple, the writing is snappy and realistic, and the acting is generally believable and only occasionally hammy. And the graphics are well-designed and rendered."^[15]

Further media

In 1995, In the 1st Degree was adapted into a novel of the same name by screenwriter Domenic Stansberry (under the pen name "Dominic Stone"), who had worked on the screenwriting for the game.^[19] An Official Strategy Guide was also released.^[20]

References

1. ^{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4wW6itw50g|title=In the 1st Degree - making of|date=19 April 2016|publisher=|via=YouTube}}
2. ^{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i0wp1HWP86E|title=In the 1st Degree (Brøderbund Software) (Making of / Behind the Scenes / EPK)|date=23 March 2016|publisher=|via=YouTube}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Verdict+Is+In!+Broderbund%27s+%22In+The+1st+Degree%22+CD-ROM+Game+Is+A+...-a017771753|title=The Verdict Is In! Broderbund's "In The 1st Degree" CD-ROM Game Is A 1996 SPA Excellence In Software Award Finalist.|publisher=}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Macintosh+Players+Are+Surrounded+By+Suspicion+And+Intrigue+As+They+...-a017724322|title=Macintosh Players Are Surrounded By Suspicion And Intrigue As They Play The Lead Role In Broderbund's In The 1st Degree; First Entertainment Title from Broderbund Since Myst Allows Anyone to Assume the Role of Prosecutor in a Challenging Courtroom Drama with Amazingly-Realistic Cinematography.|publisher=}}
5. ^{{cite web | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991223031803/http://www.pcgamer.com/reviews/558.html | url=http://www.pcgamer.com/reviews/558.html | title=In the First Degree | date=December 1995 | archivedate=December 23, 1999 | author=Howie, Lisa M. | work=PC Gamer US | deadurl=yes }}
6. ^{{cite journal |last= Ardai |first=Charles |date=December 1995 |title=In the 1st Degree - Computer Gaming World |url=https://archive.org/stream/Computer_Gaming_World_Issue_137#page/n269 |journal= |location= |publisher=Computer Gaming World |issue=137 |page=266 |accessdate=September 15, 2017}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/in-the-first-degree-review/1900-2535527/ |title=In the 1st Degree Review - Gamespot |author=Jeffrey Adam |date=May 1, 1996 |work= |publisher=Gamespot |accessdate=September 15, 2017}}
8. ^{{cite web | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970809014807/http://www.macworld.com/pages/april.96/Reviews.1973.html | url=http://www.macworld.com/pages/april.96/Reviews.1973.html | title=In the 1st Degree | date=April 1996 | work=Macworld | archivedate=August 9, 1997 | author=Beekman, George; Beekman, Ben | deadurl=yes }}
9. ^{{cite journal | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970713184928/http://www.newmedia.com:80/NewMedia/96/01/screens/Inthe1stDegree.html | url=http://www.newmedia.com:80/NewMedia/96/01/screens/Inthe1stDegree.html | title=In the 1st Degree | date=January 2, 1996 | archivedate=July 13, 1997 | author=Young, Jeffrey Adam | journal=NewMedia | deadurl=yes }}
10. ^{{cite web | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19961221185259/http://www.nuke.com:80/cgr/reviews/1295/inthe1st/inthe1st.htm | url=http://www.nuke.com:80/cgr/reviews/1295/inthe1st/inthe1st.htm | title=J.D. Not Required | date=December 1995 | author=Snyder, Frank; Chapman, Ted; Kaiafas, Tasos | archivedate=December 21, 1996 | work=Computer Game Review | deadurl=yes }}
11. ^{{cite magazine | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19961018112220/http://www.pcgamesmag.com:80/games/Aug95/1st895.html | url=http://www.pcgamesmag.com:80/games/Aug95/1st895.html | title=In the 1st Degree | magazine=PC Games | author=Paul, Fredric | date=August 1995 | archivedate=October 18, 1996 | deadurl=yes }}
12. ^{{cite web|title=1996 Winners|url=https://www.siia.net/codie/About-the-Awards/Past-Winners/1996-Winners|website=SIIA Codie awards|accessdate=1 November 2015}}
13. ^{{cite web |title=Broderbund - Awards Showcase |url=http://www.broder.com/store/awards.html |work= |publisher=Broderbund |date=February 1996 |accessdate=September 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970411030437/http://www.broder.com:80/store/awards.html |archivedate=April 11, 1997}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/in-the-first-degree-review/1900-2535527/|title=In the 1st Degree Review - GameSpot|work=GameSpot}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cdaccess.com/html/shared/1stdegr.htm|title=In the First Degree - from CD-ROM Access|publisher=}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Y5_cbfm3YfYC&pg=PA85&dq=%22+In+the+1st+Degree%22+%22broderbund%22OR%22Adair+%26+Armstrong%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjE1_G15e_MAhXJGZQKHU7IDAMQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&q=%22%20In%20the%201st%20Degree%22%20%22broderbund%22OR%22Adair%20%26%20Armstrong%22&f=false|title=From Barbie to Mortal Kombat|publisher=}}
17. ^https://web.archive.org/web/19980210152054/http://www.spa.org:80/codies/1996/cybercast/consumer.htm
18. ^{{cite web | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19961018151714/http://www.nuke.com:80/cgr/features/9604/yir1995.htm | url=http://www.nuke.com:80/cgr/features/9604/yir1995.htm | title=CGR{{'}}s Year in Review | date=April 1996 | archivedate=October 18, 1996 | author=Staff | work=Computer Game Review | deadurl=yes }}
19. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.broderbund.com/studio/atoz/itfdnov.html|title=In the 1st Degree Novel|website=web-beta.archive.org|access-date=2017-03-05|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970412100004/http://www.broderbund.com/studio/atoz/itfdnov.html|archivedate=1997-04-12|df=}}
20. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.broderbund.com/studio/atoz/itfdbk.html|title=In the 1st Degree Strategy Guide|website=web-beta.archive.org|access-date=2017-03-05|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970412100014/http://www.broderbund.com/studio/atoz/itfdbk.html|archivedate=1997-04-12|df=}}