请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Common moorhen
释义

  1. Name

  2. Description

  3. Habitat

  4. Behaviour

     Diet and feeding  Breeding 

  5. Status and population

  6. Subspecies

      Gallery  

  7. References

  8. External links

{{Speciesbox
| name = Common moorhen
| image = Common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg
| image_caption = G. c. chloropus from Mangaon, Maharashtra, India
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = [1]
| genus = Gallinula
| species = chloropus
| authority = (Linnaeus, 1758)
| range_map = Gallinula chloropus distribution map.png
| range_map_caption = Range of G. chloropus {{leftlegend|#FFFF00|Breeding range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#008000|Year-round range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#1F75FE|Wintering range|outline=gray}}
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision =

About 5, see text


| synonyms = *Fulica chloropus {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}}
  • Fulica fusca {{small|Linnaeus, 1766}}

}}

The common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) (also known as the waterhen, the swamp chicken[2]{{dead link|date=February 2019}}, and as the common gallanule{{cn|date=February 2019}}) is a bird species in the family Rallidae. It is distributed across many parts of the Old World.[3]

The common moorhen lives around well-vegetated marshes, ponds, canals and other wetlands. The species is not found in the polar regions or many tropical rainforests. Elsewhere it is likely the most common rail species, except for the Eurasian coot in some regions.

The closely related common gallinule of the New World has been recognized as a separate species by most authorities,[3] starting with the American Ornithologists' Union and the International Ornithological Committee in 2011.[5]

Name

The name mor-hen has been recorded in English since the 13th century.[6] The word moor here is an old sense meaning marsh;[6] the species is not usually found in moorland. An older name, common waterhen, is more descriptive of the bird's habitat.

A "watercock" is not a male "waterhen" but the rail species Gallicrex cinerea, not closely related to the common moorhen. "Water rail" usually refers to Rallus aquaticus, again not closely related.

The scientific name Gallinula chloropus comes from the Latin Gallinula (a small hen or chicken) and the Greek chloropus (khloros χλωρός green or yellow, pous πούς foot).[2]

Description

The moorhen is a distinctive species, with dark plumage apart from the white undertail, yellow legs and a red frontal shield. The young are browner and lack the red shield. The frontal shield of the adult has a rounded top and fairly parallel sides; the tailward margin of the red unfeathered area is a smooth waving line. In the related common gallinule of the Americas, the frontal shield has a fairly straight top and is less wide towards the bill, giving a marked indentation to the back margin of the red area.

The common moorhen gives a wide range of gargling calls and will emit loud hisses when threatened.[9] A midsized to large rail, it can range from {{convert|30|to|38|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and span {{convert|50|to|62|cm|in|abbr=on}} across the wings. The body mass of this species can range from {{convert|192|to|500|g|oz|abbr=on}}.[10]

Habitat

This is a common breeding bird in marsh environments, well-vegetated lakes and even in city parks. Populations in areas where the waters freeze, such as eastern Europe, will migrate to more temperate climes. In China, common moorhen populations are largely resident south of the Yangtze River, whilst northern populations migrate in the winter, therefore these populations show high genetic diversity. [3]

Behaviour

Diet and feeding

This species will consume a wide variety of vegetable material and small aquatic creatures. They forage beside or in the water, sometimes walking on lilypads or upending in the water to feed. They are often secretive, but can become tame in some areas. Despite loss of habitat in parts of its range, the common moorhen remains plentiful and widespread.

Breeding

The birds are territorial during breeding season. The nest is a basket built on the ground in dense vegetation. Laying starts in spring, between mid-March and mid-May in Northern hemisphere temperate regions. About 8 eggs are usually laid per female early in the season; a brood later in the year usually has only 5–8 or fewer eggs. Nests may be re-used by different females. Incubation lasts about three weeks. Both parents incubate and feed the young. These fledge after 40–50 days, become independent usually a few weeks thereafter, and may raise their first brood the next spring. When threatened, the young may cling to the parents' body, after which the adult birds fly away to safety, carrying their offspring with them.[9][14]

Status and population

On a global scale – all subspecies taken together – the common moorhen is as abundant as its vernacular name implies. It is therefore considered a species of Least Concern by the IUCN.[1] However, small populations may be prone to extinction. The population of Palau, belonging to the widespread subspecies G. c. orientalis and locally known as debar (a generic term also used for ducks and meaning roughly "waterfowl"), is very rare, and apparently the birds are hunted by locals. Most of the population on the archipelago occurs on Angaur and Peleliu, while the species is probably already gone from Koror. In the Lake Ngardok wetlands of Babeldaob, a few dozen still occur, but the total number of common moorhens on Palau is about in the same region as the Guam population: fewer than 100 adult birds (usually fewer than 50) have been encountered in any survey.[16]

The common moorhen is one of the birds (the other is the Eurasian coot, Fulica atra) from which the cyclocoelid flatworm parasite Cyclocoelum mutabile was first described.[17] The bird is also parasitised by the moorhen flea, Dasypsyllus gallinulae.[18]

Subspecies

Five subspecies are today considered valid; several more have been described that are now considered junior synonyms. Most are not very readily recognizable, as differences are rather subtle and often clinal. Usually, the location of a sighting is the most reliable indication as to subspecies identification, but the migratory tendencies of this species make identifications based on location not completely reliable. In addition to the extant subspecies listed below, an undescribed form from the Early Pleistocene is recorded from Dursunlu in Turkey.[19][20][21]

List of subspecies by date of description
Common and
trinomial names		DescriptionRange
Eurasian common moorhen
G. c. chloropus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Includes correiana and indica.
Wings and back blackish-oliveRanges from Northwest Europe to North Africa and eastwards to Central Siberia and from the humid regions of the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia eastwards to Japan; also found the Canary, Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde islands.
Indo-Pacific common moorhen
G. c. orientalis (Horsfield, 1821)		Small, with slate grey upperwing coverts and large frontal shield.Found in the Seychelles, Andaman Islands, and South Malaysia through Indonesia; also found in the Philippines and Palau. The breeding population existing on Yap in Micronesia since the 1980s is probably of this subspecies, but might be of the rare G. c. guami.[22][23]
Population size: Perhaps a few 100s on Palau as of the early 2000s,[16] less than 100 on Yap as of the early 2000s.[22][23]
African common moorhen
G. c. meridionalis (C. L. Brehm, 1831)
Similar to orientalis, but the frontal shield is smaller.Found in Sub-Saharan Africa and Saint Helena.
Madagascan common moorhen
G. c. pyrrhorrhoa (A. Newton, 1861)
Similar to meridionalis, but the undertail coverts are buff.Found on the islands of Madagascar, Réunion, Mauritius, and the Comoros.
Mariana common moorhen
G. c. guami (Hartert, 1917)
Called pulattat in Chamorro.		Body plumage is very dark.Endemic to the Northern Mariana Islands, but see also G. c. orientalis above.
Population size: About 300 as of 2001.[27]

Gallery

References

1. ^1 {{IUCN|id=62120190 |title=Gallinula chloropus |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2015.1 |year=2014 |accessdate=7 June 2015}}
2. ^{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=103, 170}}
3. ^{{cite journal |author1= Ruan, L. |author2= Xu, W. | author3= Han, Y. | author4= Zhu, C. | author5= Guan, B. | author6= Xu, C. | author7= Goa, B. |author8= Zhao, D. | year=2018| title= Gene flow from multiple sources maintains high genetic diversity and stable population history of Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus in China | journal=Ibis| volume=160| pages= 855-869| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ibi.12579| doi=10.1111/ibi.12579| issue=4}}
4. ^1 {{ARKive|common-moorhen|gallinula-chloropus}} Retrieved 25 February 2013.
5. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) Linnaeus, 1758 |url=http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=8F82FF8C30667D90&sec=summary&ssver=1 |website=Avibase |accessdate=1 November 2013}}
6. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Chesser |first1=R. Terry |first2=Richard C. |last2=Banks |first3=F. Keith |last3=Barker |first4=Carla |last4=Cicero |first5=Jon L. |last5=Dunn |first6=Andrew W. |last6=Kratter |first7=Irby J. |last7=Lovette |first8=Pamela C. |last8=Rasmussen |first9=J. V. |last9=Remsen |first10=James D. |last10=Rising |first11=Douglas F. |last11=Stotz |first12=Kevin |last12=Winker |year=2011 |title=Fifty-second supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-List of North American Birds |journal=Auk |volume=128 |issue=3 |pages=600–613 |doi=10.1525/auk.2011.128.3.600|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1236289/files/article.pdf }}
7. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Dronen |first1=Norman O. |last2=Gardner |first2=Scott L. |last3=Jiménez |first3=F. Agustín |year=2006 |title=Selfcoelum limnodromi n. gen., n. sp. (Digenea: Cyclocoelidae: Cyclocoelinae) from the long-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae) from Oklahoma, U.S.A |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1131 |pages=49–58 |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/z01131p058f.pdf}}
8. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Louchart |first1=Antoine |last2=Mourer-Chauviré |first2=Cécile |last3=Guleç |first3=Erksin |last4=Howell |first4=Francis Clark |last5=White |first5=Tim D. |year=1998 |title=L'avifaune de Dursunlu, Turquie, Pléistocène inférieur: climat, environnement et biogéographie |trans-title=The avifauna of Dursunlu, Turkey, Lower Pleistocene: climate, environment and biogeography |language=fr |journal=Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA |volume=327 |issue=5 |pages=341–346 |doi=10.1016/S1251-8050(98)80053-0}}
9. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Mann |first=Clive F. |year=1991 |title=Sunda Frogmouth Batrachostomus cornutus carrying its young |journal=Forktail |volume=6 |pages=77–78 |url=http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Mann-Frogmouth.pdf}}
10. ^1 {{cite journal |last=McCoy |first=John J. |year=1963 |title=The fossil avifauna of Itchtucknee (sic) River, Florida |journal=Auk |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=335–351 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v080n03/p0335-p0351.pdf |doi=10.2307/4082892}}
11. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Olson |first=Storrs L. |year=1974 |title=The Pleistocene Rails of North America |journal=Condor |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=169–175 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v076n02/p0169-p0175.pdf |doi=10.2307/1366727}}
12. ^1 2 {{cite book |last=Lockwood |first=W.B. |title=The Oxford Dictionary of British Bird Names |year=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-866196-2}}
13. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Rothschild |first1=Miriam |authorlink1=Miriam Rothschild |last2=Clay |first2=Theresa |title=Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos. A study of bird parasites |year=1953 |publisher=Collins |location=London |page=113 |url=https://archive.org/details/fleasflukescucko00roth }}
14. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://scienceray.com/biology/zoology/the-common-moorhen/ |title=The Common Moorhen |website=Scienceray |date=16 July 2010 |accessdate=25 February 2013}}
15. ^1 2 {{cite book |last1=Snow |first1=David W. |last2=Perrins |first2=Christopher M. |last3=Doherty |first3=Paul |last4=Cramp |first4=Stanley |year=1998 |title=The Complete Birds of the Western Palaearctic on CD-ROM |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-268579-1}}
16. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Takano |first1=Leilani L. |last2=Haig |first2=Susan M. |year=2004 |title=Distribution and Abundance of the Mariana Subspecies of the Common Moorhen |journal=Waterbirds |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=245–250 |doi=10.1675/1524-4695(2004)027[0245:DAAOTM]2.0.CO;2}}
17. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last1=VanderWerf |first1=Eric A. |last2=Wiles |first2=Gary J. |last3=Marshall |first3=Ann P. |last4=Knecht |first4=Melia |year=2006 |title=Observations of migrants and other birds in Palau, April–May 2005, including the first Micronesian record of a Richard's Pipit |journal=Micronesica |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=11–29 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242079259_Observations_of_migrants_and_other_birds_in_Palau_April-May_2005_including_the_first_Micronesian_record_of_a_Richard%27s_Pipit}}
18. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last1=Wiles |first1=Gary J. |last2=Worthington |first2=David J. |last3=Beck |first3=Robert E. Jr. |last4=Pratt |first4=H. Douglas |last5=Aguon |first5=Celestino F. |last6=Pyle |first6=Robert L. |year=2000 |title=Noteworthy Bird Records for Micronesia, with a Summary of Raptor Sightings in the Mariana Islands, 1988–1999 |journal=Micronesica |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=257–284 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253845265_Noteworthy_Bird_Records_for_Micronesia_with_a_Summary_of_Raptor_Sightings_in_the_Mariana_Islands_1988-1999}}
19. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last1=Wiles |first1=Gary J. |last2=Johnson |first2=Nathan C. |last3=de Cruz |first3=Justine B. |last4=Dutson |first4=Guy |last5=Camacho |first5=Vicente A. |last6=Kepler |first6=Angela Kay |last7=Vice |first7=Daniel S. |last8=Garrett |first8=Kimball L. |last9=Kessler |first9=Curt C. |last10=Pratt |first10=H. Douglas |year=2004 |title=New and Noteworthy Bird Records for Micronesia, 1986–2003 |journal=Micronesica |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=69–96 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228788814_New_and_noteworthy_bird_records_for_Micronesia_19862003}}
[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]
}}

External links

{{Commons category|Gallinula chloropus}}{{Wikispecies|Gallinula chloropus}}
  • (Common) Moorhen species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
  • {{InternetBirdCollection|common-moorhen-gallinula-chloropus}}
  • Common Gallinule Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
  • Common Moorhen Information - Gallinula chloropus - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
  • Madeira Birds – Moorhen breeding in Madeira Island
  • Ageing and sexing (PDF; 5.7 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
  • {{BirdLife|62120190|Gallinula chloropus}}
  • {{VIREO|Common+moorhen}}
  • {{Xeno-canto species|Gallinula|chloropus|Common moorhen}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q18847}}{{DEFAULTSORT:moorhen, common}}

8 : Gallinula|Rails|Birds of Africa|Birds of Eurasia|Birds of the Canary Islands|Birds of the Gulf of Guinea|Birds described in 1758|Articles containing video clips
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/12 12:44:15