| 词条 | Ioannis Rallis |
| 释义 |
|name = Ioannis Rallis |native_name = Ιωάννης Ράλλης |native_name_lang = Greek |image = Rallis.jpg |imagesize = |caption = |office = Prime Minister of the Hellenic State |term_start = 7 April 1943 |term_end = 12 October 1944 |deputy = |predecessor = Konstantinos Logothetopoulos |successor = position abolished |birth_date = 1878 |birth_place = Athens |death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1946|10|26|1878||}} |death_place = Averof Prison, Ampelokipoi, Athens |restingplace = |restingplacecoordinates = |nationality = Greek |party = |otherparty = |spouse = |relations = |children = |residence = |alma_mater = |occupation = Politician |profession = Lawyer |religion = Orthodox Christian |signature = }} Ioannis Rallis ({{lang-el|Ιωάννης Δ. Ράλλης}}; 1878 – 26 October 1946) was the third and last collaborationist prime minister of Greece during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II, holding office from 7 April 1943 to 12 October 1944, succeeding Konstantinos Logothetopoulos in the Nazi-controlled Greek puppet government in Athens. Early lifeRallis was the son of former Greek Prime Minister Dimitrios Rallis, and he came of a family with a long tradition in political leadership. He studied law at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, as well as in France and Germany. Upon his return to Greece he became a lawyer. In 1905, he was elected as a member of parliament for the first time; he remained in parliament until 1936, when democracy was abolished in Greece by the 4th of August Regime of Ioannis Metaxas. Political careerRallis originally belonged to the Greek conservative and monarchist People's Party. As a member of this party he served in various administrations as:
After the victory of the People's Party in Greek legislative election, 1933, he served the new government under Tsaldaris from various posts. In 1935, he had a disagreement with Prime Minister Tsaldaris, the leader of the People's Party, and at the ensuing Greek legislative election, 1935 he campaigned with Ioannis Metaxas and Georgios Stratos as a candidate of the Freethinker's Party, but he failed to win election. Greece was in a time of great political instability and new elections were held, the Greek legislative election, 1936. This time Rallis joined with Georgios Kondylis and Ioannis Theotokis and he was elected. Parliament was fractured, with the Liberal Party under Themistoklis Sophoulis having a one-seat majority and the opposition divided between monarchists and Communists and every philosophy in between. When the Metaxas dictatorship was declared later that year, and parliament was dissolved on August 4, 1936, Rallis expressed disapproval of this political coup, despite his personal friendship with Metaxas. Collaboration with the occupying forcesAfter the successful German invasion of Greece in the spring of 1941, Rallis was the first eminent Greek political figure to collaborate politically with the German occupying forces.[1] The Germans hoped that Rallis would gain some support from the pre-war Greek political elites, that he might be able to restore order to the country and that he could form an anticommunist front against the Ethniko Apeleftherotiko Metopo (EAM) and the Ethnikos Laikos Apeleftherotikos Stratos (ELAS). EAM was the main movement of the Greek Resistance and had been initially formed by an alliance of Communist Party of Greece, the Socialist Party of Greece, the Greek Popular Republic and the Agricultural Party of Greece. ELAS was its military arm. Since anti-communism served as a common ground between the Liberal Party and the People's Party, the idea of a united front seemed plausible. Rallis changed the ministry council and was instrumental in creating the so-called "Security Battalions"—collaborationist paramilitary groups equipped by the Wehrmacht and dedicated to the persecution of resistance groups (mainly ELAS). Being more experienced in politics than his predecessors, a general and a German-speaking doctor, he was more respected by the Germans and proved more effective against the resistance movements.[2] Greek collaboratorsAll three administrators during the occupation (Georgios Tsolakoglou, Konstantinos Logothetopoulos and Ioannis Rallis) presided over what was in effect a puppet government (1941–1944) completely subordinate to the Nazi occupation authorities. Thus, they all failed to prevent the Nazis from imposing heavy "reconstruction" fees on Greece, paid eventually by the confiscation of crops and precipitating a terrible famine that according to the Red Cross, cost the lives of about 250,000 people (mainly in the urban areas of the country).[3] However, the Germans had no deliberate plan of starvation of the Greeks.[4] Imprisonment and deathAfter the liberation of Greece, Rallis was sentenced to life imprisonment for collaboration and treason. He died in prison in 1946. Personal lifeIoannis Rallis's son Georgios Rallis became prime minister during 1980–1981. In 1947, Georgios published a book entitled Ioannis Rallis Speaks from the Grave, which consisted of a remorseful text written by his father during his imprisonment. See also
Notes1. ^Mark Mazower, Inside Hitler's Greece. The Experience of Occupation, 1941-44.(Greek translation), Athens: Αλεξάνδρεια, 1994(1993),125. 2. ^Mazower 1993, p. 146 3. ^Mazower 1993, p. 67 4. ^Mazower 1993, p.46 References
{{small|(Collaborationist government)}}|years=7 April 1943 – 12 October 1944}}{{s-aft|after=Georgios Papandreou|as=head of a government of national unity following the liberation of Greece}}{{s-end}}{{Greece during World War II|state=collapsed}}{{Heads of government of Greece}}{{Foreign Ministers of Greece}}{{Interior Ministers of Greece}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Rallis, Ioannis}} 23 : Prime Ministers of Greece|Greek collaborators with Nazi Germany|Greek fascists|1878 births|1946 deaths|Greek people of World War II|World War II political leaders|Foreign ministers of Greece|People convicted of treason against Greece|Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Greece|Prisoners who died in Greek detention|Greek prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment|Greek people who died in prison custody|National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni|People from Athens|Children of national leaders|Rallis family|1943 in Greece|1944 in Greece|Greek anti-communists|Fascism in Greece|Fascist rulers|20th-century Greek politicians |
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