1. Commonsense reasoning

2. Applications

3. Data

4. Commonsense knowledge bases

5. See also

6. References

In artificial intelligence research, commonsense knowledge consists of facts about the everyday world, such as "Lemons are sour", that all humans are expected to know. The first AI program to address common sense knowledge was Advice Taker in 1959 by John McCarthy ^[1].

It is currently an unsolved problem in Artificial General Intelligence and is a focus of the Paul Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence.^[2] Commonsense knowledge can underpin a commonsense reasoning process, to attempt inferences such as "You might bake a cake because you want people to eat the cake." A natural language processing process can be attached to the commonsense knowledge base to allow the knowledge base to attempt to answer commonsense questions about the world.^[3] Common sense knowledge also helps to solve problems in the face of incomplete information. Using widely held beliefs about everyday objects, or common sense knowledge, AI systems make common sense assumptions or default assumptions about the unknown similar to the way people do. In an AI system or in English, this is expressed as 'Normally P holds', 'Usually P' or 'Typically P so Assume P'. For example if we know the fact 'Tweety is a bird' , because we know the commonly held belief about birds, 'typically birds fly,' without knowing anything else about tweety, we may reasonably assume the fact that 'Tweety can fly.' As more knowledge of the world is discovered or learned over time, the AI system can revise its assumptions about Tweety using a truth maintenance process. If we later learn that 'Tweety is a penguin' then truth maintenance revises this assumption because we also know 'penguins do not fly'.

Commonsense reasoning

Commonsense reasoning simulates the human ability to make presumptions about the type and essence of ordinary situations they encounter every day, including time, missing or incomplete information and cause and effect. The ability to explain cause and effect is an important aspect of explainable AI. Compared with humans, all existing computer programs that attempt human-level AI perform extremely poorly on modern "commonsense reasoning" benchmark tests such as the Winograd Schema Challenge.^[4] The problem of attaining human-level competency at "commonsense knowledge" tasks is considered to probably be "AI complete" (that is, solving it would require the ability to synthesize a fully human-level intelligence),^[5][6] although some oppose this notion and believe compassionate intelligence is also required for human-level AI.  Common sense reasoning has been applied successfully in more limited domains such as automated diagnosis^[7] or analysis^[8].

Applications

Around 2013, MIT researchers developed BullySpace, an extension of the commonsense knowledgebase ConceptNet, to catch taunting social media comments. BullySpace included over 200 semantic assertions based around stereotypes, to help the system infer that comments like "Put on a wig and lipstick and be who you really are" are more likely to be an insult if directed at a boy than a girl.^[9][10][11]

ConceptNet has also been used by chatbots^[12] and by computers that compose original fiction.^[13] At Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, common sense knowledge was used in an intelligent software agent to detect violations of a comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty.^[14]

Data

As an example, as of 2012 ConceptNet includes these 21 language-independent relations:^[15]

• IsA
• UsedFor
• HasA
• CapableOf
• Desires
• CreatedBy ("cake" can be created by "baking")
• PartOf
• Causes
• LocatedNear
• AtLocation (Somewhere a "cook" can be at a "restaurant")
• DefinedAs
• SymbolOf (X represents Y)
• ReceivesAction ("cake" can be "eaten")
• HasPrerequisite (X can't do Y unless A does B)
• MotivatedByGoal (You would "bake" because you want to "eat")
• CausesDesire ("baking" makes you want to "follow recipe")
• MadeOf
• HasFirstSubevent (The first thing required when you're doing X is for entity Y to do Z)
• HasSubevent ("eat" has subevent "swallow")
• HasLastSubevent

Commonsense knowledge bases

• Cyc
• Open Mind Common Sense (data source) and ConceptNet (datastore and NLP engine)
• ThoughtTreasure
• Mindpixel
• True Knowledge
• DBpedia{{citation needed|reason=Not clear DBpedia focuses on commonsense knowledge|date=January 2018}}
• Graphiq

See also

• Common sense
• Commonsense reasoning
• Linked data and the Semantic Web
• Default Reasoning
• Truth Maintenance or Reason Maintenance
• Ontology
• Artificial General Intelligence

References

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• Black-backed tanager
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• Black-backed thrush
• Black-backed tody-flycatcher
• Black-backed Tody Flycatcher
• Black-backed Wagtail
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• Black-bag cryptanalysis
• Black Bag Operation
• Black Bag Operations