| 词条 | Common shrew |
| 释义 |
| name = Common shrew[1] | image = Sorex-araneus.jpg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [2] | genus = Sorex | species = araneus | authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | range_map = Common Shrew area.png | range_map_caption = Common shrew range }} The common shrew (Sorex araneus), also known as the Eurasian shrew, is the most common shrew, and one of the most common mammals, throughout Northern Europe, including Great Britain, but excluding Ireland.[3] It is {{Convert|55|to|82|mm|in}} long and weighs {{Convert|5|to|12|g|oz|1}}, and has velvety dark brown fur with a pale underside. Juvenile shrews have lighter fur until their first moult. The common shrew has small eyes, a pointed, mobile snout and red-tipped teeth. It has a life span of approximately 14 months. Shrews are active day and night, taking short periods of rest between relatively long bursts of activity.[4] TerritoryCommon shrews are found throughout the woodlands, grasslands, and hedgelands of Britain, Scandinavia, and Eastern Europe. Each shrew establishes a home range of 370 to 630 m² (440 to 750 yd²). Males often extend the boundaries during the breeding season to find females. Shrews are extremely territorial and will aggressively defend their home ranges from other shrews. They make their nests underground or under dense vegetation.[5] DietThe common shrew's carnivorous and insectivorous diet consists of insects, slugs, spiders, worms, amphibians and small rodents. Shrews need to consume 200 to 300% of their body weight in food each day in order to survive. A shrew must eat every 2 to 3 hours to achieve this goal. A shrew will starve if it goes without food for more than a few hours. They do not hibernate in the winter because their bodies are too small to store sufficient fat reserves and as they have a short fasting duration.[4][5] Common shrews have evolved an amazing adaptation to survive through the winter. Their skulls shrink by nearly 20% and their brains get smaller by as much as 30%. Their other organs also lose mass and their spines get shorter. Their total body mass drops by about 18% as a result. When spring arrives, they grow until they reach roughly their original size. Scientists believe that dropping temperatures trigger their bodies to breakdown bones and tissues and absorb them. As temperatures start to rise with the onset of spring, their bodies start to rebuild the lost bones and tissues. This significantly reduces their food requirements and increases their chances of survival in the winter.[6][7] Shrews have poor eyesight and instead use their excellent senses of smell and hearing to find food. BreedingThe common shrew breeding season lasts from April to September, but peaks during the summer months. After a gestation period of 24 to 25 days, a female gives birth to a litter of five to seven babies. A female rears two to four litters each year. The young are weaned and independent within 22 to 25 days.[8] Young shrews often form a caravan behind their mother, each carrying the tail of its sibling in front with its mouth. Chromosomal polymorphismThe chromosome number (karyotype) of Sorex araneus varies widely, with a number of distinct "chromosomal races" being present over the species' range.[2] One such race was described in 2002 as a new species, S. antinorii.[2] This an example of chromosomal polymorphism (chromosomal variability as a result of chromosome fusions or disassociations).[9][10] Protection and populationThe common shrew is not an endangered species, but in Great Britain it, like other shrews, is protected from certain methods of killing by the Wildlife and Countryside Act of 1981.[11] In Britain, shrews can be found at densities of up to one per 200 m² (240 yd²) in woodlands. The main predators of shrews are owls, weasels, stoats, and red foxes.[12] {{clear left}}References1. ^{{MSW3 Soricomorpha | id = 13700459 | page = 283}} 2. ^1 2 {{IUCN2011.2|assessor= Hutterer, R.|assessor2= Amori, G.|assessor3= Kryštufek, B.|last-assessor-amp= yes |year=2008|id=29661|title=Sorex araneus|downloaded=31 December 2011}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.birdwatchireland.ie/Publications/eWings/eWingsIssue58July2014/IrelandsPygmyShrewsunderthreatfrominvader/tabid/1403/Default.aspx|title=Ireland's Pygmy Shrew, one of the world's smallest mammals, under threat from white-toothed invader|publisher=BirdWatch Ireland|date=8 July 2014}} 4. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Saarikko|first=Jarmo|date=1989|title=Foraging behaviour of shrews|jstor=23734695|journal=Annales Zoologici Fennici|volume=26|issue=4|pages=411–423}} 5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Churchfield|first=Sara|last2=Rychlik|first2=Leszek|last3=Taylor|first3=Jan R. E.|date=2012-10-01|title=Food resources and foraging habits of the common shrew, Sorex araneus: does winter food shortage explain Dehnel's phenomenon?|journal=Oikos|language=en|volume=121|issue=10|pages=1593–1602|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.20462.x|issn=1600-0706}} 6. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/small-minded-strategy-the-common-shrew-shrinks-its-head-to-survive-winter|title=Small-Minded Strategy: The Common Shrew Shrinks Its Head to Survive Winter|last=Stetka|first=Bret|work=Scientific American|access-date=2017-10-24|language=en}} 7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Lázaro|first=Javier|last2=Dechmann|first2=Dina K.N.|last3=LaPoint|first3=Scott|last4=Wikelski|first4=Martin|last5=Hertel|first5=Moritz|date=2017-10-23|title=Profound reversible seasonal changes of individual skull size in a mammal|url=http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(17)31093-X|journal=Current Biology|language=English|volume=27|issue=20|pages=R1106–R1107|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.08.055|pmid=29065289|issn=0960-9822}} 8. ^{{cite web |title= BBC Science and Nature: Animals |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/260.shtml|date= |website= |accessdate=11 September 2009}} 9. ^Polymorphism: when two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same interbreeding population of a species. Ford E.B. 1975. Ecological genetics, 4th ed. 10. ^White M.J.D. 1973. The chromosomes. Chapman & Hall, London. p169 11. ^Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 S11, Sch 6 12. ^1 {{cite book |title= British Wildlife|last= |first= |year= 2002|publisher= Collins|location= London|isbn= 0 00 713716 8|page= 402|url= |accessdate=}} External links{{Commons|Sorex araneus}}{{Wikispecies|Sorex araneus}}
7 : Sorex|Animals that use echolocation|Mammals of Europe|Mammals of Russia|Mammals of Turkey|Mammals described in 1758|Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
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