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词条 Iraqis
释义

  1. Cultural history

  2. Genetics

  3. Language

  4. Religion

  5. Diaspora

  6. See also

  7. External links

  8. References

{{redirect|The Iraqis|The Iraqis political party|The Iraqis (party)}}{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Iraqi people
العراقيون {{transl|ar|Irāqiyyūn}}
| image =
| population = c. 50,000,000
| region1 = {{flag|Iraq}}
| pop1 = 40,000,000+
| ref1 = [1]
| region2 = {{flag|Syria}}
| pop2 = 2 million+
| ref2 = [2]
| region3 = {{flag|Iran}}
| pop3 = 500,000+
| ref3 = [3]
| region4 = {{flag|Turkey}}
| pop4 = 500,000+
| ref4 = [4]
| region5 = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| pop5 = 450,000+
| ref5 = [5]
| region6 = {{flag|Jordan}}
| pop6 = 200,000+
| ref6 = [6]
| region7 = {{flag|Egypt}}
| pop7 = 150,000+
| ref7 = [7]
| region9 = {{flag|UAE}}
| pop9 = 150,000+
| ref9 = [8]
| region10 = {{flag|Germany}}
| pop10 = 300,000+
| ref10 = [9]
| region11 = {{flag|United States}}
| pop11 = 400,000+
| ref11 = [10]
| region12 = {{flag|Sweden}}
| pop12 = 135,000+
| ref12 = [11]
| region13 = {{flag|Kuwait}}
| pop13 = 100,000+
| ref13 = [12]
| region14 = {{flag|Lebanon}}
| pop14 = 100,000+
| ref14 = [13]
| region15 = {{flag|Yemen}}
| pop15 = 100,000+
| ref15 = [14]
| region16 = {{flag|Australia}}
| pop16 = 80,000+
| ref16 = [15]
| region17 = {{flag|Netherlands}}
| pop17 = 60,000+
| ref17 =
| region18 = {{flag|Finland}}
| pop18 = 32,778
| ref18 = [16]
| region19 = {{flag|Greece}}
| pop19 = 5,000–40,000+
| ref19 = [17]
| region20 = {{flag|Austria}}
| pop20 = 14,802
| ref20 = [18]
| region21 =  
| pop21 = more countries
| ref21 =
| languages = Mesopotamian Arabic (75%)
Kurdish languages (17%)
Turkish language (10-13%)[19]
Neo-Aramaic languages (2%)
| religions = Islam (95-98%); Predominantly Twelver Shia Islam
[20][21] Minority; Sunni

Other religions
Christianity, Mandaeism, Yazidism and others


| related =
}}

The Iraqi people (Arabic: العراقيون ʿIrāqiyyūn, Kurdish: گه‌لی عیراق Îraqîyan, {{lang-syc|ܥܡܐ ܥܝܪܩܝܐ}} ʿIrāqāyā, {{lang-tr|Iraklılar}}) are the citizens of the modern country of Iraq.[22]

Arabs have had a large presence in Mesopotamia since the Sasanian Empire (224–637).[23] Arabic was spoken by the majority in the Kingdom of Araba in the first and second centuries,[24] and by Arabs in al-Hirah from the third century.[25] Arabs were common in Mesopotamia at the time of the Seleucid Empire (3rd century BC).[26] The first Arab kingdom outside Arabia was established in Iraq's Al-Hirah in the third century.[23] Arabic was a minority language in northern Iraq in the eighth century BC,[27] from the eighth century following the Muslim conquest of Persia, it became the dominant language of Iraqi Muslims because Arabic was the language of the Quran and of the Abbasid Caliphate.[28][29]

Kurds who are Iraqi citizens live in the Zagros Mountains of northeast Iraq to the east of the upper Tigris. Arabic and Kurdish are Iraq's national languages.

Cultural history

{{main|History of Iraq|Culture of Iraq}}

In ancient and medieval times Mesopotamia was the political and cultural centre of many great empires, such as the Akkadian Empire, Assyria, and Babylonia.[30][31] The ancient Mesopotamian civilization of Sumer is the oldest known civilization in the world,[32] and thus Iraq is widely known as the cradle of civilization.[30] Iraq remained an important centre of civilization for millennia, up until the Abbasid Caliphate (of which Baghdad was the capital), which was the most advanced empire of the medieval world (see Islamic Golden Age).

Genetics

One study found that Haplogroup J-M172 originated in northern Iraq.[33] In spite of the importance of this region, genetic studies on the Iraqi people are limited and generally restricted to analysis of classical markers due to Iraq's modern political instability,[33] although there have been several published studies displaying a genealogical connection between all Iraqi peoples and the neighbouring countries, across religious, ethnic and linguistic barriers.

Iraqi mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup distribution is similar to that of Iran, Turkey, Georgia, and Armenia.[33] Iraqi Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroup distribution is similar to that of Kuwait,[34] Lebanon and Syria.[33]

In a genetic study of Northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis, the paternal lineages distributions among the five ethnic groups were found to vary significantly.[35] No significant differences in Y-DNA variation were observed among Iraqi Arabs, Assyrians, or Kurds in the study because of very small sample sizes for Kurds and Assyrians.[33] Modern genetic studies indicate that Iraqi Arabs and Iraqi Kurds are distantly related.[36][37]

For both mtDNA and Y-DNA variation, the large majority of the haplogroups observed in the Iraqi population (H, J, T, and U for the mtDNA, J-M172 and J-M267 for the Y-DNA) are those considered to have originated in Western Asia and to have later spread mainly in Western Eurasia.[33] The Eurasian haplogroups R1b and R1a represent the second most frequent component of the Iraqi Y-chromosome gene pool, the latter suggests that the population movements from Central Asia into modern Iran also influenced Iraq.[33]

Other haplogroups detected in the Iraqi people is mtDNA haplogroup L with a frequency of 9.48% the origins most likely date back from the Arab slave trade of women from Sub-Saharan Africa [38][39]

Many historians and anthropologists provide strong circumstantial evidence to posit that Iraq's Marsh Arabs share very strong links to the ancient Sumerians[32][40]—the most ancient inhabitants of southern Iraq.

The Assyrian Christian population is fairly related to other Iraqis,[41][32] and also to Jordanians, yet due to religious endogamy have a distinct genetic profile that distinguishes their population.[42] "The Assyrians are a fairly homogeneous group of people, believed to originate from the land of old Assyria in northern Iraq [..] they are Christians and are bona fide descendants of their namesakes."[43]

Studies have reported that most Irish and Britons have ancestry to Neolithic farmers who left modern day Iraq, Jordan and Syria 10,000 years ago.[44] Genetic researchers say they have found compelling evidence that, on average, four out of five (80%) Europeans can trace their Y chromosome to the ancient Near East.[44] In another study, scientists analysed DNA from the 8,000-year-old remains of early farmers found at an ancient graveyard in Germany. They compared the genetic signatures to those of modern populations and found similarities with the DNA of people living in today's Turkey and Iraq.[45]

Language

Iraq's national languages are Arabic and the Kurdish languages. Arabic is spoken as a first language by around 79 percent of Iraqi people, and Kurdish by around 17 percent. The two main regional dialects of Arabic spoken by the Iraqi people are Mesopotamian Arabic (spoken in the Babylonian alluvial plain and Middle Euphrates valley) and North Mesopotamian Arabic (spoken in the Assyrian highlands).[46] The two main dialects of Kurdish spoken by Kurdish Iraqis are Central Kurdish (spoken in the Erbil and Sulaymaniyah Governorates)[47] and Northern Kurdish (spoken in Dohuk Governorate).[47] In addition to Arabic, most Assyrians and Mandaeans speak Neo-Aramaic languages.

Iraqi Arabic has an Aramaic substratum.[48]

The vast majority of Kurdish and Neo-Aramaic–speaking Iraqis also speak Mesopotamian Arabic.[47]

Religion

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Iraq (est. 2010)[49]
|label1 = Islam
|value1 = 91
|color1 = MediumSeaGreen
|label2 = Christianity, Jewish, Mandeans, Yazidism, Shabakism, Zoroastrianism
|value2 = 9
|color2 = DodgerBlue
}}

Iraq has many devout followers of its religions. In 1968 the Iraqi constitution established Islam as the official religion of the state as the majority of Iraqis (97%) are Muslim (predominantly Shīʻī, but also including minority Sunni).

In addition to Islam, many Iraqi people are Christians belonging to various Christian denominations. Assyrians belong to the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Assyrian Church of the East and the Chaldean Catholic Church. Their numbers inside Iraq have dwindled considerably to around 300,000.

Other religious groups include Mandaeans, Shabaks, Yazidis and followers of other minority religions. Furthermore, Jews had also been present in Iraq in significant numbers historically, but their population dwindled, after virtually all of them migrated to Israel between 1949 to 1952, following the declaration in 1948 that the support of Zionism (a Jewish-led state) was a capital offense. In 1950, Iraqi Jews were permitted to leave the country within a year provided they forfeited their citizenship. A year later, however, the property of Jews who emigrated was frozen and economic restrictions were placed on Jews who chose to remain in the country. From 1949 to 1951, 104,000 Jews were evacuated from Iraq in Operations Ezra and Nechemia (named after the Jewish leaders who took their people back to Jerusalem from exile in Babylonia beginning in 597 B.C.E.); another 20,000 were smuggled out through Iran.[50][51][52]

Diaspora

{{Main|Iraqi diaspora|Refugees of Iraq}}

Iraqis form one of the largest diasporas in the world. The Iraqi diaspora is not a sudden exodus but one that has grown rapidly through the 20th century as each generation faced some form of radical transition or political conflict. From 1950 to 1952 Iraq saw a great exodus of roughly 120,000 - 130,000 of its Jewish population under the Israel-led "Operation Ezra and Nehemiah". There were at least two large waves of expatriation of both Christians and Muslims alike. A great number of Iraqis left the country during the regime of Saddam Hussein and large numbers have left during the Second Gulf War and its aftermath. The United Nations estimates that roughly 40% of Iraq's remaining and formerly strong middle-class have fled the country following the U.S.-led invasion in 2003.

See also

  • Demographics of Iraq
  • List of Iraqis

External links

  • History of the Iraqi people
  • [https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2010/nov/10/ancient-world-mesopotamia Mesopotamia: Birthplace of civilisation]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20090227125033/http://www.irisprojects.umd.edu/ppc_ideas/Iraq_Assessment/Secure/full_paper.pdf Iraqi identity - Forces for Integration/ Divisiveness]
  • The Iraq DNA project

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=433&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=83&pr.y=17|title=Iraq|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2009-04-27}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.offlinebaghdad.org/m-n-s-g|title=NGO's claim Iraqis have hit 2 million in Syria|accessdate=2010-12-11}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.netnative.com/news/01/may/1003.html|title=500,000 Iraqis in Iran|accessdate=2010-12-10}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=TU|title=Ethnic groups of Turkey|accessdate=2010-12-10|publisher=Joshua Project}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/IOM_IRAQ.pdf |title=The Iraqi Embassy estimates that the Iraqi population is around 350,000-450,000 |accessdate=2010-12-10 |publisher=International Organization for Migration |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163637/http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/IOM_IRAQ.pdf |archivedate=2011-07-16 |df= }}
6. ^{{cite web|title=UNHCR|url=http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486566.html}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/backgrounder/refugees/iraq0407/4.htm|title=Iraqis In Egypt|accessdate=2007-08-18|publisher=HRW}}
8. ^{{cite news|last=Constantine|first=Zoi|title=UAE Iraqis restricted by passport delays|url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/uae-iraqis-restricted-by-passport-delays?pageCount=0|accessdate=1 March 2012|newspaper=The National|date=28 August 2008}}
9. ^http://www.bib-demografie.de/DE/Aktuelles/Presse/Archiv/2017/2017-03-01-zuwanderung-aussereuropaeische-Laender-fast-verdoppelt.html
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aaiusa.org/pages/demographics|title=Arab American Demographics|accessdate=2010-12-10|publisher=Arab American Institute|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202071653/http://www.aaiusa.org/pages/demographics/|archivedate=2010-12-02|df=}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ssd.scb.se/databaser/makro/produkt.asp?produktid=BE0101&lang=2|title=Statistics Sweden|accessdate=2010-12-15|publisher=Statistics Sweden}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=KU|title=Ethnic groups of Kuwait|accessdate=2010-12-10|publisher=Joshua Project}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aina.org/news/2007049133807.htm|title=Iraqis in Lebanon|accessdate=2007-08-15|publisher=aina.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929084017/http://www.aina.org/news/2007049133807.htm|archivedate=2007-09-29}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/jordan1106/8.htm|title=Iraqis In Yemen|accessdate=2007-09-08|publisher=HRW}}
15. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Fear-checks-turnout-for-Iraq-poll/2005/01/21/1106110948104.html|title=Australian Iraqi population estimated to be as high as 80,000|accessdate=2010-12-10|publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=2005-01-22}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates17.shtml|title=United Nations Population Division - Department of Economic and Social Affairs|website=www.un.org}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aina.org/reports/aoticig.pdf|title=Iraqi community in Greece|accessdate=2007-08-14|publisher=UNHCR}}
18. ^{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.statistik.at/wcm/idc/idcplg?IdcService=GET_PDF_FILE&RevisionSelectionMethod=LatestReleased&dDocName=071715|title=Bevölkerung zu Jahresbeginn seit 2002 nach detaillierter Staatsangehörigkeit|trans-title=Population at the beginning of the year since 2002 by detailed nationality|language=de|work=Statistics Austria|date=14 June 2016|accessdate=1 August 2016}}
19. ^{{cite web|last=Bassem|first=Wassim|year=2016|title=Iraq’s Turkmens call for independent province|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/10/turkmens-iraq-mosul-tal-afar.html|publisher=Al-Monitor|quote=Turkmens are a mix of Sunnis and Shiites and are the third-largest ethnicity in Iraq after Arabs and Kurds, numbering about 3 million out of the total population of about 34.7 million, according to 2013 data from the Iraqi Ministry of Planning.}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iz.html|title=Middle East :: Iraq — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iraq|title=Iraq - Arabs|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/iraqi|title=Iraqi – a native or inhabitant of Iraq|accessdate=2010-12-10|publisher=Reference.com}}
23. ^1 {{cite book|last=Ramirez-Faria|first=Carlos|title=Concise Encyclopaedia of World History|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&pg=PA33&dq|page=33|isbn=9788126907755}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31522/Araba|title=Araba (ancient state, Iraq)|work=Britannica |accessdate=2010-11-23}}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/328265/Lakhmid-dynasty |title=Lakhmid Dynasty (Arabian dynasty) |work=Britannica |accessdate=2010-11-23}}
26. ^Ramirez-Faria, 2007, p. 33.
27. ^{{cite journal|author=Blázquez Martínez, José María|authorlink=:es:José María Blázquez Martínez|year=2006|title=Arabia, the Arabs and the Persian Gulf. A Dissertation of Ancient Sources|journal=Gerión|volume=24|issue=2|pages=7–20|publisher=Complutense University of Madrid|issn=0213-0181|url=http://europa.sim.ucm.es/compludoc/AA?articuloId=692288&donde=castellano&zfr=0|accessdate=2011-03-15}}
28. ^{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=John Morris|authorlink=John Roberts (historian)|title=History of the World|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1993|page=265}}
29. ^{{cite book|last=Rodinson|first=Maxime|authorlink=Maxime Rodinson|title=The Arabs|year=1981|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-7099-0377-4|page=56}}
30. ^1 {{cite book|last=McIntosh|first=Jane|title=Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-965-2|page=313|quote=Iraqis have always been proud of their heritage and of their unique position as guardians of the Cradle of Civilization.}}
31. ^{{cite book|last=Spencer|first=William|title=Iraq: Old Land, New Nation in Conflict|year=2000|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-0-7613-1356-4|page=13|quote=The Iraqi heritage is a proud one. Iraqi ancestors made such contributions to our modern world as a written language, agriculture and the growing of food crops, the building of cities and the urban environment, basic systems of government, and a religious structure centered on gods and goddesses guiding human affairs.}}
32. ^1 2 {{cite journal|author=Al-Zahery|title=In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: a survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|date=Oct 2011|volume=11|page=288|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-11-288|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2148-11-288.pdf|accessdate=16 February 2012|pmid=21970613|pmc=3215667|display-authors=etal}}
33. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|url=http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Al_Zahery.pdf|title=N. Al-Zahery et al. "Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations" (2003)|accessdate=2010-12-10}}
34. ^{{cite journal|title=Geographical Structure of the Y-chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A coastal-inland contrast|doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00538.x |pmid = 19686289|pmc=3312577 |volume=73|issue=6|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|pages=568–581|year=2009|last1=El-Sibai|first1=Mirvat|last2=Platt|first2=Daniel E|last3=Haber|first3=Marc|last4=Xue|first4=Yali|last5=Youhanna|first5=Sonia C|last6=Wells|first6=R. Spencer|last7=Izaabel|first7=Hassan|last8=Sanyoura|first8=May F|last9=Harmanani|first9=Haidar |last10=Bonab|first10=Maziar Ashrafian|last11=Behbehani|first11=Jaafar|last12=Hashwa|first12=Fuad|last13=Tyler-Smith|first13=Chris|last14=Zalloua |first14=Pierre A}}
35. ^{{Cite journal | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0187408| pmid=29099847| pmc=5669434|title = A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the Northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis| journal=PLOS ONE| volume=12| issue=11| pages=e0187408|year = 2017|last1 = Dogan|first1 = Serkan| last2=Gurkan| first2=Cemal| last3=Dogan| first3=Mustafa| last4=Balkaya| first4=Hasan Emin| last5=Tunc| first5=Ramazan| last6=Demirdov| first6=Damla Kanliada| last7=Ameen| first7=Nihad Ahmed| last8=Marjanovic| first8=Damir}}
36. ^Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Paolo Menozzi, Alberto Piazza, The History and Geography of Human Genes, p. 242
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.atour.com/health/images/genetics.gif|title=Cavalli-Sforza et al. Genetic tree of West Asia|accessdate=2010-12-10}}
38. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Achilli A, Olivieri A, Pala M, etal |title=Mitochondrial DNA variation of modern Tuscans supports the near eastern origin of Etruscans |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=759–68 | date=April 2007 |pmid=17357081 |pmc=1852723 |doi=10.1086/512822}}
39. ^{{cite journal|vauthors=Abu-Amero KK, González AM, Larruga JM, Bosley TM, Cabrera VM |title=Eurasian and African mitochondrial DNA influences in the Saudi Arabian population|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=7|page=32|year=2007|pmid=17331239 |pmc=1810519|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-32}}
40. ^{{cite book|last=Spencer|first=William|title=Iraq: Old Land, New Nation in Conflict|year=2000|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-0-7613-1356-4|page=17|quote=But one writer has suggested after a visit to the marshes near the site of ancient Sumer that "some Iraqis still have a touch of the Sumerian in them."}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.atour.com/health/images/genetics.gif|title=Cavalli-Sforza et al. Genetic tree of West Asia|accessdate=2010-12-10}}
42. ^Dr. Joel J. Elias, Emeritus, University of California, The Genetics of Modern Assyrians and their Relationship to Other People of the Middle East
43. ^Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Paolo Menozzi, Alberto Piazza, The History and Geography of Human Genes, p. 243
44. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1244654/Study-finds-Britons-descended-farmers-left-Iraq-Syria-10-000-years-ago.html|title=Most Britons descended from male farmers who left Iraq and Syria 10,000 years ago|accessdate=2010-12-10|publisher=Daily Mail|location=London|first=David|last=Derbyshire|date=2010-01-20}}
45. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11729813|title=Migrants from the Near East 'brought farming to Europe'|accessdate=2010-12-10|publisher=BBC|date=2010-11-10}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_profiles/2004-2005/Iraq.html|title=Country Profile: Iraq|accessdate=2010-12-10|publisher=Mongabay}}
47. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.krg.org/articles/detail.asp?lngnr=12&smap=03010500&rnr=142&anr=18694|title=The Kurdish language|publisher=KRG|accessdate=2010-12-12}}
48. ^{{cite journal|last=Muller-Kessler|first=Christa|title=Aramaic 'K', Lyk' and Iraqi Arabic 'Aku, Maku: The Mesopotamian Particles of Existence|journal=The Journal of the American Oriental Society|date=Jul–Sep 2003|volume=123|issue=3|pages=641–646|doi=10.2307/3217756|jstor=3217756}}
49. ^{{cite web|title=Iraq|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iz.html|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|accessdate=4 May 2011}}
50. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/01/world/middleeast/01babylon.html|title=Baghdad Jews Have Become a Fearful Few|accessdate=2010-12-10|work=The New York Times|first=Stephen|last=Farrell|date=2008-06-01}}
51. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1647740,00.html|title=The Last Jews of Baghdad|date=2007-07-27|work=Time|accessdate=2010-12-15|first=David|last=Van Biema}}
52. ^{{cite web|title=Jews in Islamic Countries: Iraq|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/iraqijews.html}}
{{Demographics of Iraq}}{{Iraq topics}}{{Iraqi diaspora}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Iraqi People}}

3 : Iraqi people|Iraq|Iraqi society
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