| 词条 | Irrealism (philosophy) |
| 释义 |
Irrealism is a philosophical position first advanced by Nelson Goodman in "Ways of Worldmaking",[1] encompassing epistemology, metaphysics, and aesthetics. Nelson Goodman's irrealismIrrealism was initially motivated by the debate between phenomenalism and physicalism in epistemology.[2] Rather than viewing either as prior to the other, Goodman described them both as alternative "world-versions", both useful in some circumstances, but neither capable of capturing the other in an entirely satisfactory way, a point he emphasizes with examples from psychology.[3] He goes on to extend this epistemic pluralism to all areas of knowledge, from equivalent formal systems in mathematics (sometimes it is useful to think of points as primitives, sometimes it is more useful to consider lines the primitive) to alternative schools of art (for some paintings thinking in terms of representational accuracy is the most useful way of considering them, for others it is not). However, in line with his consideration of phenomenalism and physicalism, Goodman goes beyond saying merely that these are "world-versions" of the world, instead he describes worlds as "made by making such versions".[4] Metaphysically, Goodman's irrealism is distinct from anti-realism though the two concepts are frequently confused. "We are not speaking in terms of multiple possible alternatives to a single actual world but of multiple actual worlds."[5] He makes no assertions regarding "the way the world is" and that there is no primary world version i.e. "no true version compatible with all true versions." As Goodman says, "Not only motion, ... but even reality is relative."[6] It follows that Goodman accepts many forms of realism and anti-realism without being troubled by the resulting contradictions. Other IrrealistsThe artist Tristan Tondino has had several exhibitions entitled "Irreality" which crossover into other fields and include philosophy, mathematics, ophthalmology, science and politics. He writes, "Realism is an Irrealism. Reality is plurality - we partially create it, we must open our universes and our perceptions to all new versions that may promote the concept of human rights and expand its possibilities."[7] In a painting depicting a chair and entitled "The Hegemony of the Real", Tondino has written "That the Real must be regarded as a fiction does not detract from its hegemony". The sociologist Nikolas Rose subscribes to irrealism in his Powers of Freedom, though his irrealism differs from Nelson's in being 'technical, not psychologistic, furthering Nelson's assertions of the human mind are only capable of a limited understanding and that it is a construct built upon itself." Other Forms of IrrealismThe philosophical term may be used in more specific or arguably narrower senses, such as "colour irrealism".[8] See also
Footnotes1. ^(Goodman 1978) 2. ^(Goodman 1951) 3. ^(Goodman 1978 : Ch. V) 4. ^(Goodman 1978 p.94) 5. ^(Goodman 1978 p.2) 6. ^(Goodman 1978 p.20) 7. ^Anne Émile Brisson, Plurielle Ouverture, AGIR, Amnestie Internationale, vol 25, #3, septembre 2004 8. ^https://frodo.ucsc.edu/~jellis/Papers/Color.pdf References
| last = Goodman | first = N. | title = The Structure of Appearance | origyear = 1951 | edition = 3rd | year = 1977 | publisher = D. Reidel
| last = Goodman | first = N. | title = Ways of Worldmaking | url = https://books.google.com/?id=Y5aMV3EE6WcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=isbn:0915144514#v=onepage&q&f=false | year = 1978 | publisher = Hackett | location = Indianapolis | isbn = 978-0-915144-51-8
| last = Goodman | first = N. | title = Of Mind and Other Matters | year = 1983 | publisher = Harvard University Press
| last = Goodman | first = N. | title = Languages of Art | origyear = 1976 | edition = 2nd | year = 1984 | publisher = Hackett | location = Indianapolis | isbn = 978-0-915144-34-1
| last = Goodman | first = N. | authorlink = |author2=Elgin, C.Z. | title = Reconceptions in Philosophy & Other Arts & Sciences | year = 1988 | publisher = Routledge | location = London | isbn = 978-0-415-04886-6
| editor = McCormick, P.J. | title = Starmaking: Realism, Anti-Realism and Irrealism | year = 1996 | publisher = The MIT Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 978-0-585-02120-1
| editor = Elgin, C.Z. | title = The Philosophy of Nelson Goodman, Volume 1: Nominalism, Constructivism, and Relativism in the Work of Nelson Goodman | year = 1997 | publisher = Garland | location = New York and London | isbn = 978-0-8153-2609-0
| editor = Elgin, C.Z. | title = The Philosophy of Nelson Goodman, Volume 4: Nelson Goodman's Theory of Symbols and Its Applications | year = 1997 | publisher = Garland Publishing Inc. | location = New York and London | isbn = 978-0-8153-2612-0 External links
4 : Philosophical realism|Theories of aesthetics|Epistemological theories|Metaphysical theories |
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