“Irula language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Irula language

释义

Origins
Phonology
Vowels Consonants
References
Sources
Further reading

{{Infobox language
|name=Irula
|nativename=இருளா
|states=India
|region=Tamil Nadu
|ethnicity=Irula
|speakers=11,870
|date=2011 census
|ref=^[1]
|speakers2=Census conflates some speakers with Tamil
|familycolor=Dravidian
|fam2=Southern Dravidian
|fam3=Tamil–Kannada
|fam4=Tamil–Kodagu
|fam5=Tamil–Malayalam
|fam6=Tamil
|iso3=iru
|glotto=irul1243
|glottorefname=Irula of the Nilgiri
|script=Tamil script
|notice=IPA
}}

Irula is a Dravidian language spoken by the Irulas who inhabit the area of the Nilgiri mountains, in the states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, India.{{sfnp|Perialwar|1979|p=1}} It is written in the Tamil script.

Origins

The language was first described and classified by indologist Kamil Zvelebil, who in 1955 showed that the Irula language is an independent Southern Dravidian language that is akin to Tamil, particularly Old Tamil, with some Kannada-like features. Before that, it was traditionally denied or put to doubt, and Irula was described as a crude or corrupt mixture of Tamil and Kannada.

According to a tentative hypothesis by Kamil Zvelebil, a pre-Dravidian Melanid population that forms the bulk of the Irulas anthropologically began to speak an ancient pre- or proto-Tamil dialect, which was superimposed almost totally on their native (pre-Dravidian) speech. That then became the basis of the language, which must have subsequently been in close contact with the other tribal languages of the Nilgiri area as well as with the large surrounding languages such as Kannada, Tamil, and Malayalam.

Phonology

The tables present the vowel{{sfnp|Perialwar|1979|p=55}} and the consonant{{sfnp|Perialwar|1979|p=57}}{{sfnp|Zvelebil|2001|p=157}} phonemes of Irula.

Vowels

Front	Central	Back
Close	i}} {{IPA\|iː}}	u}} {{IPA\|uː}}
Mid	e}} {{IPA\|eː}}	o}} {{IPA\|oː}}
Open	a}} {{IPA\|aː}}

All vowels are centralized by certain neighbouring consonants.{{clarify|date=December 2010}} They are then transcribed {{IPA|[ï ë ä ö ü]}}, etc., but they may be closer to {{IPA|[ɨ ɘ æ ɵ ʉ]}}.

Consonants

Phonemes marked with an asterisk appear only in {{harvtxt|Zvelebil|2001|p=157}}.

Bilabial		Dental		Alveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar
Nasal		{{IPAlink\|m}}				{{IPAlink\|n}}		{{IPAlink\|ɳ}}				{{IPAlink\|ŋ}}
Stop/Affricate	{{IPAlink\|p}}	{{IPAlink\|b}}	{{IPAlink\|t̪}}	{{IPAlink\|d̪}}	{{IPAlink\|t}}*	{{IPAlink\|d}}*	{{IPAlink\|ʈ}}	{{IPAlink\|ɖ}}	{{IPAlink\|tʃ}}	{{IPAlink\|dʒ}}	{{IPAlink\|k}}	{{IPAlink\|g}}
Fricative		{{IPAlink\|v}}			{{IPAlink\|s}}
Approximant (Lateral)								{{IPAlink\|ʝ}}*		{{IPAlink\|j}}
Approximant (Lateral)						{{IPAlink\|l}}		{{IPAlink\|ɭ}}
Rhotic				r̪		{{IPAlink\|r}}

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}

Sources

{{Citation

|last= Perialwar
|first= R.
|title= A Grammar of Irula
|publisher= Annamalai University
|year= 1978
}}

{{Citation

|last= Perialwar
|first= R.
|title= Phonology of Irula with Vocabulary
|publisher= Annamalai University
|year= 1979
}}

{{Citation