| 释义 |
- Etymology
- Description Subdivision
- Paleontological significance
- Fossil content Dinosaurs Other archosauromorphs Synapsids Temnospondyls
- See also
- References Bibliography Books
- Further reading
{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Ischigualasto Formation
| image = Valle Pintado 1 - Parque Provincial Ischigualasto.jpg
| caption = Valle Pintado, Ischigualasto Formation
| type = Geological formation
| period = Carnian
| age = Carnian
~{{fossil range|231.7|225}}
| prilithology = Sandstone, mudstone
| otherlithology = Tuff, conglomerate
| namedfor = Cacán: "Place where the moon alights"
| namedby =
| year_ts =
| region = La Rioja Province & San Juan Provinces
| country = {{ARG}}
| coordinates = {{coord|29.6|S|68.1|W|display=inline,title}}
| paleocoordinates = {{coord|46.0|S|40.2|W|display=inline}}
| unitof = Agua de la Peña Group
| subunits = Quebrada de la Sal, Valle de la Luna, Cancha de Bochas & La Peña Members
| underlies = Los Colorados Formation
| overlies = Los Rastros Formation
| thickness = Up to {{convert|900|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| extent = Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin
| area =
| map = {{Location map+ | Argentina
| relief = 1
| width = 250
| float = center
| places =
| lat_deg = -29.6
| lon_deg = -68.1
| mark = Pink ff0080 pog.svg
| marksize = 12
}}
| map_caption =
}}The Ischigualasto Formation is a Late Triassic fossiliferous formation and Lagerstätte in the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin of the southwestern La Rioja Province and northeastern San Juan Province in northwestern Argentina. The formation dates to the Carnian age and ranges between 231.7 and 225 Ma, based on ash bed dating. The up to {{convert|900|m|ft}} thick formation is part of the Agua de la Peña Group, overlies Los Rastros Formation and is overlain by Los Colorados Formation. The formation is subdivided into four members, from old to young; La Peña, Cancha de Bochas, Valle de la Luna and Quebrada de la Sal. The sandstones, mudstones, conglomerates and tuffs of the formation were deposited in a humid alluvial to fluvial floodplain environment, characterized by strongly seasonal rainfall. The Ischigualasto Formation is an important paleontological unit and considered a Lagerstätte, as it preserves several genera of early dinosaurs, other archosaurs, synapsids, and temnospondyls of the Late Triassic. Coprolites and fossil wood also have been found in the formation. The formation crops out in the in 1967 established Ischigualasto Provincial Park, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000. Etymology The name Ischigualasto is derived from the extinct Cacán language, spoken by an indigenous group referred to as the Diaguita by the Spanish conquistadors and means "place where the moon alights".[1] The genus Ischigualastia and the species Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Pseudochampsa ischigualastensis, Pelorocephalus ischigualastensis and Protojuniperoxylon ischigualastianus were named after the formation. Description The formation represents the second syn-rift period in the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin,[2] where the total thickness of Triassic sediments amounts to {{convert|3.5|km|ft}}.[2] The formation is exposed in the Ischigualasto Provincial Park of La Rioja and San Juan Provinces. In the neighboring Talampaya National Park, the formation is thin and covered by recent sediments.[3] The formation, part of the Agua de la Peña Group, overlies Los Rastros Formation and is overlain by Los Colorados Formation. The Ischigualasto Formation strongly contrasts with the bounding formation in color.[4] The total thickness amounts to {{convert|900|m|ft}}.[5] The Ischigualasto Formation comprises a sequence of fluvial channel sandstones with well-drained floodplain sandstones and mudstones, dominated by rivers and strongly seasonal rainfall has been estimated at time of deposition. The formation dates to the Carnian Pluvial Event. Interlayered volcanic ash layers above the base and below the top of the formation provide chronostratigraphic control and have yielded ages of 231.4 ± 0.3 Ma and 225.9 ± 0.9 Ma respectively.[6] The formation is approximately coeval with the upper Santa Maria Formation of the Paraná Basin in southeastern Brazil, the Pekin Formation of the United States and the lower Maleri Formation of India.[7] Subdivision The Ischigualasto Formation is subdivided into four members, from top to bottom:{{sfn|Martínez et al.|2013b|p=16}} - Quebrada de la Sal ~{{convert|60|m|ft}}
- Valle de la Luna ~{{convert|450|m|ft}}
- Cancha de Bochas ~{{convert|130|m|ft}}
- La Peña ~{{convert|50|m|ft}}
Paleontological significance The Ischigualasto Formation is highly fossiliferous and its unique paleontological characteristics made it a Lagerstätte; a stratigraphic unit containing a diverse faunal assemblage. The paleontological importance led to the establishment of the Ischigualasto Provincial Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000. The Ischigualasto Formation contains Late Triassic (Carnian) deposits (231.4 -225.9 million years before the present{{sfn|Martínez et al.|2011}}), with some of the oldest known dinosaur remains, which are the world's foremost with regards to quality, number and importance. This allows for the study of the transition between dinosaurs and ancient mammals; research is ongoing. Rhynchosaurs and cynodonts (especially rhynchosaur Hyperodapedon and cynodont Exaeretodon{{sfn|Martínez et al.|2011}}) are by far the predominant findings among the tetrapod fossils in the park. A study from 1993 found dinosaur specimens to comprise only 6% of the total tetrapod sample;{{sfn|Rogers et al.|1993}} subsequent discoveries increased this number to approximately 11% of all findings.{{sfn|Martínez et al.|2011}} Carnivorous dinosaurs are the most common terrestrial carnivores of the Ischigualasto Formation, with herrerasaurids comprising 72% of all recovered terrestrial carnivores.{{sfn|Martínez et al.|2011}} Dinosaurs of Ischigualasto Formation include early samples of the two major lineages of dinosaurs (ornithischians and saurischians). The carnivorous archosaur Herrerasaurus is the most numerous of these dinosaur fossils. Another important putative dinosaur with primitive characteristics is Eoraptor lunensis, found in Ischigualasto in the early 1990s. Petrified tree trunks of Protojuniperoxylon ischigualastianus of more than {{convert|40|m|abbr=on}} tall attest to a rich vegetation at that time. Fossil ferns and horsetails have also been found in the formation. Coprolites were found in Valle Pintado in the upper part of the formation. Analysis of the coprolites revealed that plant remains were absent and bone material and apatite were sparse. The most likely candidate to have produced these fossil feces has been suggest as the most common reptile in the formation; Herrerasaurus.[8] Fossil content Dinosaurs The fossils of an undescribed species of theropod are present in San Juan Province.{{sfn|Weishampel et al.|2004|pp=527–528}} {{paleobiota-key-compact}}| Dinosaurs of the Ischigualasto Formation |
|---|
| Genus | Species | Province | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
|---|
| Chromogisaurus | C. novasi | San Juan | Cancha de Bochas | Partial skeleton including limb bones, pelvic bones and caudal vertebrae | 2|m|ft}} long saturnaliine guaibasaurid known from a partial skeleton lacking the skull. It includes elements of the front and hind limbs; the pelvis and two caudal vertebrae.{{sfn|Ezcurra|2010}} | | Eodromaeus | E. murphi | San Juan | Valle de la Luna | A nearly complete skeleton and another partial skeleton | 1.2|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} from nose to tail, and a weight of about {{convert|5|kg|lb|abbr=off}}. The trunk was long and slender. It is unknown how fast Eodromaeus could run, but it has been suggested to about {{convert|30|km/h|mph}}. The forelimbs were much shorter than the hind limbs, ending in hands with 5 digits. Digits IV and V (the ring finger and little finger in humans) were very reduced in size.{{sfn|Martínez et al.|2011}} | | Eoraptor | E. lunensis | San Juan | Cancha de Bochas | Weishampel et al.|2004|p=26|loc=Table 2.1}} | Ezcurra|2010}} and sauropodomorphs.{{sfn|Martínez et al.|2011}} Eoraptor had a slender body that grew to about {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} in length, with an estimated weight of about {{convert|10|kg|lb|abbr=off}}. It has a lightly built skull with a slightly enlarged external naris. Like the coelophysoids which would appear millions of years later, Eoraptor has a kink in its upper jaws, between the maxilla and the premaxilla.{{sfn|Weishampel et al.|2004|pp=527–528}} | | Herrerasaurus | H. ischigualastensis | San Juan | Cancha de Bochas | Weishampel et al.|2004|p=26|loc=Table 2.1}} | 3|to|6|m|ft|sp=us}}, and its hip height at more than {{convert|1.1|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}}. It may have weighed around {{convert|210|–|350|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. In a large specimen, at first thought to belong to a separate (now discredited) genus, Frenguellisaurus, the skull measured {{convert|56|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} in length. Smaller specimens had skulls about {{convert|30|cm|in}} long. Its size indicates it would have preyed upon small and medium-sized plant-eaters. Herrerasaurus itself may have been preyed upon by giant rauisuchids; puncture wounds were found in one skull.{{sfn|Weishampel et al.|2004|pp=527–528}} | | Panphagia | P. protos | San Juan | La Peña | Ezcurra|2010}}{{sfn|Martínez et al.|2009}}{{sfn|Cabreira et al.|2011}} Panphagia is currently known from the disarticulated remains of one partially grown individual of about {{convert|1.30|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} long. Portions of the skull, vertebrae, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and hind limb bones have been recovered. The russet-colored fossils were embedded in a greenish sandstone matrix and took several years to prepare and describe.{{sfn|Martínez et al.|2009}}{{sfn|Weishampel et al.|2004|pp=527–528}} | | Sanjuansaurus | S. gordilloi | San Juan | Cancha de Bochas
La Peña | Alcober et al.|2010}} | Herrerasaurus, with a thigh bone that was {{convert>395|mm|in|abbr=off|sp=us}} long and a tibia that is {{convert|260|mm|in|abbr=off|sp=us}} in length.{{sfn|Alcober et al.|2010}} | | Ezcurra|2010}} | Unnamed | Ezcurra|2010}} | Herrerasaurus, Staurikosaurus and Sanjuansaurus.{{sfn>Ezcurra|2010}} | |
Other archosauromorphs | Non-dinosaurian archosauromorphs of the Ischigualasto Formation{{sfn|Ezcurra|2010{{sfn|Martínez et al.|2013b |
|---|
| Genus | Species | Province | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|
| Aetosauroides | A. scagliai | San Juan | Cancha de Bochas | An aetosaur that is one of four aetosaurs known from South America, the others being Neoaetosauroides, Chilenosuchus and Aetobarbakinoides. It was once proposed to be synonymous with Stagonolepis. | | Hyperodapedon | H. sanjuanensis | San Juan | 1.3|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} in length. Apart from its beak, this rhynchosaur had several rows of heavy teeth on each side of the upper jaw, and a single row on each side of the lower jaw, creating a powerful chopping action when it ate. It is believed to have been herbivorous, feeding mainly on seed ferns. | | Ignotosaurus | I. fragilis | San Juan | Cancha de Bochas | Martínez et al.|2013b}} | Martínez et al.|2013b}} | | Pisanosaurus | P. mertii | La Rioja | Weishampel et al.|2004|p=326|loc=Table 14.1}} | Pisanosaurus was a small, lightly-built, ground-dwelling herbivore approximately {{convert>1|m|ftin|abbr=off|sp=us}} in length. Its weight was between {{convert|2.27|and|9.1|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. These estimates vary due to the incompleteness of the holotype specimen PVL 2577. It was originally believed to be an early species of ornithischian dinosaur, but recent studies have proven it to be a non-dinosaurian dinosauriform closely related to the silesaurs (possibly a silesaur itself).{{sfn|Weishampel et al.|2004|pp=527–528}} | | Proterochampsa | P. barrionuevoi | San Juan | Cancha de Bochas | 44|cm|in}} skull. It could have grown up to {{convert|3.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}. | | Pseudochampsa | P. ischigualastensis | San Juan | Cancha de Bochas | Trotteyn et al.|2012}} | Chanaresuchus,{{sfn>Trotteyn et al.|2012}} subsequently made the type species of a separate genus.{{sfn|Trotteyn & Ezcurra|2014}} | | Saurosuchus | S. galilei | San Juan | Cancha de Bochas | 6|to|9|m|ft|sp=us}} in total body length. Dorsal osteoderms run along the back of Saurosuchus. There are two rows to either side of the midline, with each leaf-shaped osteoderm joining tightly with the ones in front of and behind it. It has a deep, laterally compressed skull. The teeth are large, recurved, and serrated. The skull is wide at its back and narrows in front of the eyes. | | Sillosuchus | S. longicervix | San Juan | Cancha de Bochas | 3|m|ft|abbr=on}}. It is the only shuvosaurid currently known from outside North America.[9] | | Trialestes | T. romeri | La Rioja
San Juan | Cancha de Bochas | A sphenosuchian, once believed to be a primitive dinosaur | | Venaticosuchus | V. rusconii | La Rioja | 2|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length. It was once thought to be the ancestor to the carnosaur dinosaurs (which, back then, included Tyrannosaurus); however, now it is known to be more closely related to crocodilians than dinosaurs.{{sfn|Martínez et al.|2013b}} | | An unnamed lagerpetid | Unnamed | San Juan | Martínez et al.|2013b}} | Langer et al.|2013}}{{sfn|Martínez et al.|2013b}} | |
Synapsids | Synapsids of the Ischigualasto Formation{{sfn|Ezcurra|2010{{sfn|Martínez et al.|2013b |
|---|
| Genus | Species | Province | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|
| Chiniquodon | C. sanjuanensis, C. cf. theotonicus | San Juan | Cancha de Bochas | Martínez et al.|2013}}[10] | | Diegocanis | D. elegans | San Juan | Cancha de Bochas | Martínez et al.|2013}} | A little-known ecteniniid | | Ecteninion | E. lunensis | San Juan | Cancha de Bochas | 11|cm|in}} in length | | Exaeretodon | E. argentinus | San Juan | Cancha de Bochas | 1.8|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} long, with a specialized grinding action when feeding. Another point of interest is that these cynodonts had deciduous teeth, which is a characteristic of mammals and means that babies could not chew, and required specialized parental care. Only older juveniles had permanent teeth. | | Ischigualastia | I. jenseni | San Juan | Cancha de Bochas | A stahleckeriine stahleckeriid that was an enormous dicynodont with a short, high skull, and lacking tusks. It is regarded as larger than its later, more famous relative Placerias. | | Jachaleria | J. colorata | 3|m|ft}} in length and with an estimated mass of {{convert|300|kg|lb}}, making it close in size to Dinodontosaurus{{sfn|Martínez et al.|2013b}} | | cf. Probainognathus | Indeterminate | 10|cm|in}} long. | | Martínez et al.|2013b}} | Martínez et al.|2013b}} | Martínez et al.|2013b}}[12] | A probainognathian cynodont closely related to tritylodontids[11] | |
Temnospondyls | Temnospondyls of the Ischigualasto Formation{{sfn|Ezcurra|2010{{sfn|Martínez et al.|2013b |
|---|
| Genus | Species | Province | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|
| Pelorocephalus | P. ischigualastensis | 107|cm|in}} in length. | | Promastodonsaurus | P. bellmanni | A little-known mastodonsaur | |
See also {{Portal|Geology|Paleontology|Triassic|Prehistory of South America}}- Quebrada del Barro Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of the Marrayel-El Carrizal Basin
- Candelária Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of the Paraná Basin in southeastern Brazil
- Molteno Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of the Karoo Basin in southern Africa
- Fremouw Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of Antarctica
- Denmark Hill Insect Bed, contemporaneous fossiliferous unit of Queensland, Australia
{{clearboth}} References 1. ^{{es}} [https://www.elterritorio.com.ar/nota4.aspx?c=9582176912800389 El lugar donde se posa la luna]
2. ^Schencman, 2015, p.220
3. ^Balabusic et al., 2001, p.26
4. ^Monetta et al., 2000, p.644
5. ^1 Aceituno Cieri et al., 2015, p.60
6. ^Wallace, 2018, p.6
7. ^Lecuona et al., 2016, p.585
8. ^Hollocher et al., 2005, p.62
9. ^Alcober & Parrish, 2010, p.548
10. ^Martínez & Forster, 1996, p.285
11. ^1 Wallace, 2018, p.10
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- {{cite LSA |last=Martínez |first=R.N. |last2=Forster |first2=C.A. |year=1996 |title=The skull of Probelesodon sanjuanensis, sp. nov., from the Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ricardo_Martinez9/publication/231183197_The_skull_of_Probelesodon_sanjuanensis_sp_nov_from_the_Late_Triassic_Ischigualasto_Formation_of_Argentina/links/00b495280f284e6a31000000/The-skull-of-Probelesodon-sanjuanensis-sp-nov-from-the-Late-Triassic-Ischigualasto-Formation-of-Argentina.pdf |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=16 |pages=285–291 |accessdate=2019-03-29}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Rogers |first=Raymond R. |last2=Swisher III |first2=Carl C. |last3=Sereno |first3=Paul C. |last4=Monetta |first4=Alfredo M. |last5=Forster |first5=Catherine A. |last6=Martínez |first6=Ricardo N. |year=1993 |title=The Ischigualasto Tetrapod Assemblage (Late Triassic, Argentina) and 40Ar/39Ar Dating of Dinosaur Origins |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6094550_The_Ischigualasto_Tetrapod_Assemblage_Late_Triassic_Argentina_and_40Ar39Ar_Dating_of_Dinosaur_Origins |journal=Science |volume=260 |issue=5109 |pages=794–797 |accessdate=2019-03-29 |ref={{harvid|Rogers et al.|1993}}}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Trotteyn |first=María Jimena |last2=Ezcurra |first2=Martín D. |year=2014 |title=Osteology of Pseudochampsa ischigualastensis gen. et comb. nov. (Archosauriformes: Proterochampsidae) from the Early Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of Northwestern Argentina |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111388&type=printable |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=1–37 |accessdate=2019-03-29 |ref={{harvid|Trotteyn & Ezcurra|2014}}}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Trotteyn |first=María J. |last2=Martínez |first2=Ricardo N. |last3=Alcober |first3=Oscar A. |year=2012 |title=A new proterochampsid Chanaresuchus ischigualastensis (Diapsida, Archosauriformes) in the early Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina |url=https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-vertebrate-paleontology/volume-32/issue-2/02724634.2012.645975/A-New-Proterochampsid-iChanaresuchus-ischigualastensis-i-Diapsida-Archosauriformes-in-the/10.1080/02724634.2012.645975.pdf |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=485–489 |accessdate=2019-03-29 |ref={{harvid|Trotteyn et al.|2012}}}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Wallace |first=Rachel Veronica Simon |year=2018 |title=A new close mammal relative and the origin and evolution of the mammalian central nervous system (PhD thesis) |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/65578 |publisher=The University of Texas at Austin |pages=1–224 |accessdate=2019-03-29}}
Books - {{cite LSA |last=Langer |first=Max C. |last2=Nesbitt |first2=Sterling J. |last3=Bittencourt |first3=Jonathas S. |last4=Irmis |first4=Randall B. |chapter=Non-dinosaurian Dinosauromorpha |editor-last1=Nesbitt |editor-first1=S.J. |editor-last2=Desojo |editor-first2=J.B. |editor-last3=Irmis |editor-first3=R.B. |year=2013 |title=Anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology of early archosaurs and their kin |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |publisher=The Geological Society of London |volume=379 |pages=157–186 |accessdate=2019-03-29 |ref={{harvid|Langer et al.|2013}}}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Weishampel |first=David B. |last2=Dodson |first2=Peter |last3=Osmólska (eds.) |first3=Halszka |year=2004 |title=The Dinosauria, 2nd edition |url=https://books.google.com.co/books/about/The_Dinosauria.html?id=vtZFDb_iw40C&redir_esc=y |publisher=Berkeley: University of California Press |pages=1–880 |ref={{harvid|Weishampel et al.|2004}}|accessdate=2019-02-21}}{{ISBN|0-520-24209-2}}
Further reading {{commonscat|Ischigualasto Formation}}- F. Abdala. 2000. Catalogue of non-mammalian cynodonts in the Vertebrate Paleontology Collection of the Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, with comments on species. Ameghiniana 37(4):463-475
- {{cite LSA |last=Bonaparte |first=J.F |year=1978 |title=El Mesozóico de América de Sur y sus Tetrapodos - The Mesozoic of South America and its tetrapods |journal=Opera Lilloana |volume=26 |pages=1–596}}
- R. M. Casamiquela. 1967. Un nuevo dinosaurio ornitisquio triasico (Pisanosaurus mertii; Ornithopoda) de la Formación Ischigualasto, Argentina [A new Triassic ornithischian dinosaur (Pisanosaurus mertii; Ornithopoda) from the Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina]. Ameghiniana 4(2):47-64
- V.H. Contreras. 1981. Datos preliminares sobre un nuevo rincosaurio (Reptilia, Rhynchosauria) del Triasico Superior de Argentina. Anais II Congresso Latino-Americano Paleontologia, Porto Alegre 2:289-294
- C. B. Cox. 1965. New Triassic dicynodonts from South America, their origins and relationships. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 248(753):457-516
- F. E. Novas. 1986. Un probable teropodo (Saurischia) de la Formacion Ischigualasto (Triasico Superior), San Juan, Argentina [A probable theropod (Saurischia) from the Ischigualasto Formation (Upper Triassic), San Juan, Argentina]. IV Congreso Argentino de Paleontologia y Bioestratigrafia 1:1-6
- O. A. Reig. 1963. La presencia de dinosaurios saurisquios en los "Estratos de Ischigualasto" (Mesotriasico Superior) de las provincias de San Juan y La Rioja (República Argentina) [The presence of saurischian dinosaurs in the "Ischigualasto beds" (upper Middle Triassic) of San Juan and La Rioja Provinces (Argentine Republic)]. Ameghiniana 3(1):3-20
- P. C. Sereno, C. A. Forster, R. R. Rogers and A. M. Monetta. 1993. Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria. Nature 361:64-66
15 : Geologic formations of Argentina|Ischigualasto Formation|Triassic Argentina|Carnian Stage|Sandstone formations|Mudstone formations|Conglomerate formations|Tuff formations|Alluvial deposits|Fluvial deposits|Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of South America|Paleontology in Argentina|Geology of La Rioja Province, Argentina|Geology of San Juan Province, Argentina|Diaguita |