1. History
    Early migration, 19th century  Modern migration, 20th and 21st centuries 

2. Religious life and institutions
    Organisations 

3. Demography
    Māori Muslims  Pacific Islanders  Europeans 

4. Issues
    Muhammad cartoons controversy  Radical Islam  Attacks on Christchurch mosques 

5. Notable New Zealand Muslim figures

6. See also

7. References

8. Further reading

9. External links

History

Early migration, 19th century

The earliest Muslim presence in New Zealand dates back to the late 19th century. According to Abdullah Drury, the first Muslims in New Zealand were an Indian family who settled in Cashmere, Christchurch, in the 1850s.^[4] The 1874 government census reported 15 Chinese gold diggers working in the Dunstan gold fields of Otago in the 1870s.{{sfn|Kolig|2010|p=21}}^[5][6] The first Muslim to be buried in New Zealand was a Javanese sailor named Mohamed Dan, who died in Dunedin in 1888. The anthropologist Erich Kolig also speculates that a few Muslim sailors from Southeast Asia and South Asia may have settled in New Zealand during that period.{{sfn|Kolig|2010|p=21}}

Most of the early Muslim migrants settled in major centers like Auckland and Christchurch. In 1890, a group of Punjabi Muslim migrants including Sheik Mohamed Din settled in Christchurch. Other notable migrants including the Turkmen Saleh Mohamed and his father Sultan (who both settled in Christchurch in 1905), the Gujarati immigrant Ishamel Ahmed Bhikoo (who became a shopkeeper in Auckland), Essop Moosa, and Muhammad Suleiman Kara (who settled in Christchurch). According to Kolig, Bhikoo and Moses also brought relatives to New Zealand.{{sfn|Kolig|2010|pp=22-23}}

Modern migration, 20th and 21st centuries

In 1920, New Zealand adopted a restrictive immigration policy that limited Asian immigration. The Muslim population remained less than a hundred until after the Second World War. In 1945, there were 67 recorded Muslims in New Zealand. In 1951, the refugee boat SS Goya brought over 60 Muslim men from Albania and Yugoslavia, boosting the Muslim population to 205.{{sfn|Kolig|2010|p=23}} These Gujarati and European immigrants worked together in the 1950s to buy a house and convert it into an Islamic centre in 1959. The following year saw the arrival of the first Imam, Maulana Said Musa Patel, from Gujarat, India. Students from South Asia and Southeast Asia helped establish the other prayer rooms and Islamic centres elsewhere from the 1960s onwards, although New Zealand had a relatively tiny Muslim population until many years later.{{fact|date=March 2019}}

Between 1961 and 1971, the Muslim population increased from 260 to 779. The Muslim community in New Zealand continued to grow during the 1970s and 1980s, reaching 2,500 by 1986. Large-scale Muslim immigration began with the arrival of mainly working class Indo-Fijians in the 1970s. They were followed by professionals after the first Fiji coup of 1987. During the 1990s many migrants were admitted under New Zealand's refugee quota, from war zones in Somalia, Bosnia, Afghanistan, Kosovo and Iraq.{{sfn|Kolig|2010|pp=23-25}} There are also a significant number of Muslims from Iran who live in New Zealand.^[7]

In 1981 Sheikh Khalid Hafiz was appointed Imam of Wellington, a post he held until his death in 1999, and was employed as imam by the International Muslim Association of New Zealand. Soon after his arrival he was also appointed senior religious adviser to the Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand.{{fact|date=March 2019}}

Religious life and institutions

New Zealand has several mosques and Islamic centres and trusts in the major centers, and two Islamic schools (Al Madinah and Zayed College for Girls) in Auckland. Auckland alone has about 15 Islamic centres, mosques, and trusts.{{sfn|Kolig|2010|pp=30, 33-34}}^[8][9]

Organisations

The Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand (FIANZ) is the national umbrella organisation that represents the Muslim community in New Zealand. FIANZ is affiliated with seven regional organisations, trusts, and most mosques and Islamic centres in New Zealand. FIANZ was founded in April 1979 by Mazhar Krasniqi, who brought together the three regional Muslim organisations of Canterbury, Wellington and Auckland. He was honoured for his efforts by the New Zealand government in 2002, receiving a Queens Service Medal.{{sfn|Kolig|2010|pp=30-31}}^[10][12]

Later Dr Hajji Ashraf Choudhary served as president (1984–85) before pursuing a political career and entering the New Zealand parliament in 1999.{{fact|date=March 2019}} In 2008, FIANZ established the Harmony Awards "as part of Islam Awareness Week to recognise the contributions of New Zealanders to improving understanding and relationships between Muslims and the wider community".^[11]

The FIANZ is affiliated with seven regional associations including the New Zealand Muslim Association (NZMA), the South Auckland Muslim Association (SAMA), the Waikato Muslim Association (WMA), the Manawatu Muslim Association (MMA), the International Muslim Association of New Zealand (IMAN), the Muslim Association of Canterbury (MAC), and the Otago Muslim Association.^[12] Other Muslim organisations have included the predominantly Fijian Indian Anjuman Himayat al-Islam, the University of Otago's Muslim Student Association (MUSA), the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at New Zealand, and the Southland Muslim Association.{{sfn|Kolig|2010|pp=32-33}}^[13][16]

The Muslim Students and Youth Association of NZ was formed in 1997 and is affiliated with FIANZ. It is primarily run by university students and other youth. They undertake regular activities including lectures, sports tournaments and Muslim youth camps, and work with FIANZ who organise the annual Islam Awareness Week (IAW).{{fact|date=March 2019}}

Demography

The number of Muslims in New Zealand according to the 2013 census is 46,149, up 28% from 36,072 in the 2006 census.^[3] The majority of New Zealand Muslims are Sunnis but there is a large number of Shias who live in New Zealand, concentrated mainly in Auckland (the largest city of New Zealand). In recent years Shia Muslims have become active holding Ashura commemoration programmes in Auckland parks.{{sfn|Kolig|2010|pp=43-46}} The first of these was conducted by the Fatima Zahra Charitable Association on 19 January 2008.^[14]

There are significant communities of Muslims from the Middle East (Turkey and Lebanon), South Asia (Pakistan, India and Bangladesh) and Southeast Asia. There is also a large Indo-Fijian Muslim community and an equally substantial Somali minority in New Zealand. Contrary to popular assertions from various community leaders, no one single ethnic group can claim to contribute more than half of the New Zealand Muslim population. The majority of Muslims in New Zealand are concentrated in the major cities of Auckland, Hamilton, Wellington, and Christchurch. {{fact|date=March 2019}}

From the mid-1990s, an influx of Malay students from Malaysia and Singapore has increased the proportion of Muslims in some other centres, notably the university city of Dunedin.^[15] Dunedin is home to a mosque called Al-Huda mosque, which is run by the Otago Muslim Association.^[16] As of 2019, the southernmost mosque in New Zealand is the Southland Muslim Association Masid/Community Centre in Invercargill.^[17][18]

Māori Muslims

Islam is estimated to be the fastest growing religion among the Māori,^[19][24] with census figures showing the number of Muslims of Māori ethnicity increasing from 99 to 708 from 1991 to 2001,^[20][21] and to 1,083 by 2013 census data.^[22] Te Amorangi Izhaq Kireka-Whaanga, leader of the Aotearoa Maori Muslim Association, views tino rangatiratanga as a form of jihad, and Islam as "the perfect vehicle for Māori nationalism".^[23] The leader of the AMMA, Sheikh Eshaq Te Amorangi Morgan Kireka-Whaanga was identified in 2010 among the top 500 most influential Muslims.^[24] In 2004 Sheikh Eshaq led the Quran Tilawat at the "National Islamic Converts Conference" at the Canterbury mosque in Christchurch. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has translated the Qur'an into the Māori language, Te Reo.^[25]

Pacific Islanders

While New Zealand's overall Pacific Islander community grew 15% according to census data from 2001 to 2006, Muslim Pacific Islanders grew 87.43%.^[26] According to 2013 census data, there were 1,536 Muslims among the Pacific islander community (a little under 3.5% of New Zealand's Muslim population).^[22] The most famous Muslim from this community is rugby player and heavyweight boxer, Sonny Bill Williams.^[27]

Europeans

According to 2013 census data, there were 4,353 Muslims (about 9.5% of the total Muslim population) among the European community (Pākehā).^[22]

Issues

Muhammad cartoons controversy

In 2006, two newspapers in New Zealand decided to republish controversial Danish cartoons depicting Muhammad, the prophet of Islam. The Muslim community registered its displeasure through press statements and a small peaceful march in Auckland. The editors said they did not mean offence but would not back down. Prime Minister Helen Clark and opposition leader Don Brash both made statements that the cartoons were not appreciated if they deeply offended members of the New Zealand community, but that such decisions were for editors to make, not politicians. Muslim leaders and the editors got together with the Race Relations office, and Jewish and Christian representatives in Wellington. As a result of this meeting the editors said they would not apologise but in good faith would refrain from publishing the offending images again. The New Zealand Muslim leadership, through the Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand (FIANZ), then proceeded in good faith to consider the matter closed, and drafted letters to 52 Muslim countries reversing their earlier stance and asking that New Zealand products not be boycotted.^[28][29]

Radical Islam

In November 2016, Mohammad Anwar Sahib, the Imam of the Al-Taqwa mosque in Manukau, Auckland and a religious adviser to the FIANZ, drew controversy when he made offensive remarks about Jews, Christians, and women in a series of speeches that were posted by the right-wing blogger Cameron Slater on YouTube. Sahib's comments were condemned by a wide range of figures and groups in New Zealand society including the FIANZ's President Hazim Arafeh, the Islamic Women's Council of New Zealand (IWCNZ), the Race Relations Commissioner Dame Susan Devoy, the Ethnic Communities Minister Sam Lotu-Iiga, the ACT party David Seymour, the New Zealand First leader Winston Peters, the New Zealand Jewish Council, and the Ahmadiyya community.^[30][31][32] In response to negative publicity, Sahib was dismissed from his advisory position at the FIANZ. Sahib denied accusations of racism and issued a statement claiming his statements had been taken out of context.^[33][31]

In late October 2017, it was reported in the media that the first secretary of the Iranian Embassy Hormoz Ghahremani, the visiting Iranian cleric Hojatoleslam Shafie, and community elder Sayed Taghi Derhami had made remarks denying the Holocaust and attacking Israel at the Shia Islamic Ahlulbayt Foundation in Pakuranga, Auckland during a meeting to commemorate Quds Day in June. A video of the speeches had been posted on the Foundation's YouTube channel. These remarks were criticized by the New Zealand Jewish Council and the pro-Israel think tank the Israel Institute of New Zealand, who advocated Ghahremani's expulsion. Ghahremani later clarified that his actions represented the Iranian government's official position on Israel.^[34][35] Race Relations Commissioner Devoy also condemned the trio's anti-Semitic statements.^[36] The opposition New Zealand National Party's foreign affairs spokesperson Gerry Brownlee also urged the incumbent Labour-New Zealand First-Green coalition government to expel Ghahremani. In response, Foreign Minister Winston Peters countered that the incident had occurred under the previous National government's watch. Peters indicated that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade had summoned Ghahremani to express its disapproval.^[37][38]

Attacks on Christchurch mosques

On 15 March 2019, two mosques in Christchurch were attacked. 50 people were killed, including 42 at the Al Noor Mosque in Riccarton, 7 at the Linwood Islamic Centre, and 1 who died in hospital. The attacks took place on a Friday afternoon, when worshippers inside the mosques were gathering for Jumu'ah.^[40] The accused perpetrator of the attack is an Australian white supremacist who intended to create an "atmosphere of fear" against Muslims.^[41]

However, a week after the attack, a nationwide moment of silence was observed in New Zealand on Friday - ushered in by the Muslim call to prayer. The prayer and two-minute reflection were broadcast live on national media outlets and came as an estimated 20,000 people, including Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, gathered metres from the Al Noor mosque in the city of Christchurch for Muslim Friday prayers. Mr Gamal Fouda, an imam who survived the attack at Al Noor mosque, said "last Friday I stood in this mosque and saw hatred and rage in the eyes of the terrorist, but today from the same place I look out and I see the love and compassion in the eyes of thousands of New Zealanders and human beings from around the globe". Speaking to mourners in the crowd, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern said "New Zealand mourns with you. We are one". Quoting the Prophet Muhammad, she said: "The believers in their mutual kindness, compassion, and sympathy are just like one body. When any part of the body suffers, the whole body feels pain."^[42]

Notable New Zealand Muslim figures

• Sonny Bill Williams, rugby player.
• Joel Hayward, scholar, writer and poet.
• Abdul Rahim Rasheed, activist.
• Ashraf Choudhary, politician.
• Mark John Taylor, ISIL foreign fighter.

See also

• Islam by country
• Religion in New Zealand

References

Further reading

• {{cite book |last1=Kolig |first1=Erich |title=New Zealand's Muslims and Multiculturalism |date=2010 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=9789004178359 |url=https://books.google.co.nz/books/about/New_Zealand_s_Muslims_and_Multiculturali.html?id=S1f_BcHgqxgC&redir_esc=y |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
• {{cite journal |last=Shepard |first=William |title=Muslims in New Zealand |journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs |publisher=Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs |date=1982 |volume=4 |number=1 & 2 |page=63 |doi=10.1080/02666958208715860 |subscription=yes}}

External links

• Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand
• International Muslim Association of New Zealand

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