| 词条 | Isothrix |
| 释义 |
| fossil_range = Pleistocene - Recent | image = | image_caption = | display_parents = 2 | taxon = Isothrix | authority = Wagner, 1845 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision =I. barbarabrownae I. bistriata I. negrensis I. pagurus I. sinnamariensis | synonyms =Lasiuromys Deville, 1852 }} The toros or brush-tailed rats, genus Isothrix, are a group of spiny rats found in tropical South America, particularly in the Amazon Basin.[1] DescriptionToros look like large rats with soft fur on the body and long guard hairs on the scaly tail.[2] Head and body is 18-27.5 cm and tail is 17–30 cm.[1] Weight is 320-570 grams. Natural historyThese animals appear to be arboreal, based on the shape of their hind feet.[1] They are thought to spend the day in holes in the ground near trees. SystematicsThe etymology of the genus name Isothrix corresponds to the two ancient greek words {{wikt-lang|grc|ἴσος}} ({{grc-transl|ἴσος}}), meaning "of equal length", and {{wikt-lang|grc|θρίξ}}, {{wikt-lang|grc|τρίχα|τριχός}} ({{grc-transl|θρίξ, τριχός}}), meaning "hair".[3][4] The etymology of the genus name synonym Lasiuromys corresponds to the three ancient greek words {{wikt-lang|grc|λάσιος}} ({{grc-transl|λάσιος}}), meaning "furry, with tufted hair", {{wikt-lang|grc|οὐρά}} ({{grc-transl|οὐρά}}), meaning "animal tail", and {{wikt-lang|grc|μῦς}} ({{grc-transl|μῦς}}), meaning "mouse, rat".[3][4] There are currently five species recognized in the genus Isothrix:[5]
There does appear to be good support for the monophyly of three species found in this genus.[2] PhylogenyIsothrix is a member of the Echimyini clade of arboreal Echimyidae rodents.[7] Although tentatively considered an echimyine, it has been suggested that Isothrix may not be particularly closely related to other members of its subfamily.[2] This is confirmed by molecular phylogenies in which Isothrix appears as a distant relative of the three clades of Echimyini: (i) Echimys, Phyllomys, Makalata, Pattonomys, and Toromys ; (ii) the bamboo rats Dactylomys, Olallamys, Kannabateomys together with Diplomys and Santamartamys ; and (iii) the arboreal eumysopines Mesomys and Lonchothrix.[8]The taxon Callistomys pictus was previously member of the genus Isothrix, but most authors considered it distinct enough to warrant a separate genus.[9] This distinctness has been confirmed by DNA comparative studies in which Callistomys even appears to branch with members of a distinct tribe (i.e., Myocastorini) of the subfamily Echimyinae.[16][7][8] The arboreal genera of the subfamily Echimyinae therefore constitute a polyphyletic assemblage. {{cladogram|title=Genus-level cladogram of the Echimyini. |caption=The cladogram has been reconstructed from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA characters.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][7][8] |align=center |clades={{Cladogram of Echimyini genera}} }} References1. ^1 2 Nowak, Ronald M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1936 pp. {{ISBN|0-8018-5789-9}} {{Echimyidae nav}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q911355}}2. ^1 2 Emmons, L.H. 2005. A Revision of the Genera of Arboreal Echimyidae (Rodentia: Echimyidae, Echimyinae), With Descriptions of Two New Genera. pp. 247–310 in Lacey, E.A. & Myers, P. 2005. Mammalian Diversification: From Chromosomes to Phylogeography (A Celebration of the Career of James L. Patton). University of California Publications in Zoology. 3. ^1 {{Cite book |title=Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français |last=Bailly |first=Anatole |date=1981-01-01 |publisher=Hachette |isbn=978-2010035289 |location=Paris |oclc=461974285 }} 4. ^1 {{Cite web |url=http://www.tabularium.be/bailly/ |title=Greek-french dictionary online |last=Bailly |first=Anatole |date= |website=www.tabularium.be |publisher= |access-date=December 23, 2017}} 5. ^{{MSW3 Hystricognathi | id = 13400433 | page = | heading = Genus Isothrix }} 6. ^{{cite web| last = | first = | authorlink = | title = New squirrel-like rodent discovered in Peru | website = | publisher = New Scientist | date = 2007-01-24 | url = https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn11022 | format = | accessdate = 2011-11-23}} 7. ^1 2 {{Cite book|title=Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol 6. Lagomorphs and Rodents I|last1=Fabre|first1=Pierre-Henri|last2=Patton|first2=James L.|author2-link=James L. Patton|last3=Leite|first3=Yuri L. R.|year=2016|isbn=978-84-941892-3-4|editor-last1=Wilson|editor-first1=Don E.|editor-last2=Lacher|editor-first2=Thomas E. Jr|editor-last3=Mittermeier|editor-first3=Russell A.|publisher=Lynx Edicions|location=Barcelona|pages=552–641|chapter=Family Echimyidae (hutias, South American spiny-rats and coypu)|title-link=Handbook of the Mammals of the World}} 8. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Fabre|first=Pierre-Henri|last2=Upham|first2=Nathan S.|last3=Emmons|first3=Louise H.|author-link3=Louise H. Emmons|last4=Justy|first4=Fabienne|last5=Leite|first5=Yuri L. R.|last6=Loss|first6=Ana Carolina|last7=Orlando|first7=Ludovic|last8=Tilak|first8=Marie-Ka|last9=Patterson|first9=Bruce D.|last10=Douzery|first10=Emmanuel J. P.|date=2017-03-01|title=Mitogenomic Phylogeny, Diversification, and Biogeography of South American Spiny Rats|url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/34/3/613/2739699/Mitogenomic-Phylogeny-Diversification-and|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=34|issue=3|pages=613–633|doi=10.1093/molbev/msw261|pmid=28025278|issn=0737-4038}} 9. ^{{MSW3 Hystricognathi | id = 13400423 | page = | heading = Genus Callistomys}} 10. ^{{Cite journal|last=Lara|first=Márcia C.|last2=Patton|first2=James L.|author-link2=James L. Patton|last3=da Silva|first3=Maria Nazareth F.|year=1996|title=The Simultaneous Diversification of South American Echimyid Rodents (Hystricognathi) Based on Complete Cytochrome b Sequences|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=5|issue=2|pages=403–413|doi=10.1006/mpev.1996.0035|pmid=8728398}} 11. ^{{Cite journal|last1=Leite|first1=Yuri L. R.|last2=Patton|first2=James L.|author-link2=James L. Patton|year=2002|title=Evolution of South American spiny rats (Rodentia, Echimyidae): the star-phylogeny hypothesis revisited|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=25|issue=3|pages=455–464|doi=10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00279-8}} 12. ^{{Cite journal|last=Galewski|first=Thomas|last2=Mauffrey|first2=Jean-François|last3=Leite|first3=Yuri L. R.|last4=Patton|first4=James L.|last5=Douzery|first5=Emmanuel J. P.|year=2005|title=Ecomorphological diversification among South American spiny rats (Rodentia; Echimyidae): a phylogenetic and chronological approach|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=34|issue=3|pages=601–615|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.015|pmid=15683932}} 13. ^{{Cite journal|last=Upham|first=Nathan S.|last2=Patterson|first2=Bruce D.|year=2012|title=Diversification and biogeography of the Neotropical caviomorph lineage Octodontoidea (Rodentia: Hystricognathi)|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055790312000371|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=63|issue=2|pages=417–429|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.01.020|pmid=22327013}} 14. ^{{Cite journal|last=Fabre|first=Pierre-Henri|last2=Galewski|first2=Thomas|last3=Tilak|first3=Marie-ka|last4=Douzery|first4=Emmanuel J. P.|date=2013-03-01|title=Diversification of South American spiny rats (Echimyidae): a multigene phylogenetic approach|journal=Zoologica Scripta|language=en|volume=42|issue=2|pages=117–134|doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00572.x|issn=1463-6409}} 15. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Loss|first=Ana|last2=Moura|first2=Raquel T.|last3=Leite|first3=Yuri L. R.|date=2014|title=Unexpected phylogenetic relationships of the painted tree rat Callistomys pictus (Rodentia: Echimyidae)|url=http://www.naturezaonline.com.br/natureza/conteudo/pdf/05_LossACetal_132-136.pdf|journal=Natureza on Line|volume=12|pages=132–136|via=}} 16. ^{{Cite journal|last=Fabre|first=Pierre-Henri|last2=Vilstrup|first2=Julia T.|last3=Raghavan|first3=Maanasa|last4=Der Sarkissian|first4=Clio|last5=Willerslev|first5=Eske|last6=Douzery|first6=Emmanuel J. P.|last7=Orlando|first7=Ludovic|date=2014-07-01|title=Rodents of the Caribbean: origin and diversification of hutias unravelled by next-generation museomics|url=http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/7/20140266|journal=Biology Letters|language=en|volume=10|issue=7|pages=20140266|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2014.0266|pmid=25115033|issn=1744-9561|pmc=4126619}} 17. ^{{Cite book|title=Biology of caviomorph rodents: diversity and evolution|last1=Upham|first1=Nathan S.|last2=Patterson|first2=Bruce D.|publisher=SAREM Series A, Mammalogical Research — Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos|year=2015|isbn=|editor-last1=Vassallo|editor-first1=Aldo Ivan|location=Buenos Aires|pages=63–120|chapter=Evolution of Caviomorph rodents: a complete phylogeny and timetree for living genera|editor-last2=Antenucci|editor-first2=Daniel}} 3 : Isothrix|Rodent genera|Taxa named by Johann Andreas Wagner |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。