“Israel Kugler”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Israel Kugler (June 13, 1917 – October 1, 2007) was a noted American professor of sociology. In the 1960s, he helped organize faculty at a number of New York City-area colleges and universities into labor unions. He co-founded the Professional Staff Congress, a union of faculty at the City University of New York (CUNY) which now represents more than 20,000 faculty and staff members at the university.

Early life

Kugler was born on June 13, 1917, to Philip and Anna (Senitzer) Kugler. He and his sister were raised in a liberal Jewish home in Brooklyn, New York City, New York. He graduated with a bachelor's degree from City College in 1938.^[1] He took an active interest in socialist and Jewish politics, often spending entire days in "the counterpart of a floating crap game—only our dice were political arguments on all issues affecting the world."^[2]

He served in the United States Navy during World War II and returned to school to earn a doctorate in sociology at New York University.^[1]^[3]

Kugler married the former Helen Barkan in 1941. They had two children, Daniel and Philip.^[1]^[4]

Union career

Kugler became a professor of social science at New York City Community College, where he earned a reputation as a skilled classroom educator. He also became heavily involved in labor politics in the city, and supported organizing drives for many unions.^[3] Kugler joined the United Federation of College Teachers (UFCT), Local 1460 of the American Federation of Teachers (AFT). Kugler eventually was elected president of the union, which had been founded in 1935.^[5]

Kugler was a leader among a group of AFT delegates who sought to force the national union to end its practice of chartering segregated locals. The union had amended its constitution in 1953 to bar segregated locals, but had done little to enforce the provision. In 1954, Kugler and others demanded that the union suspend the charters of locals that barred black teachers from membership. Although a resolution passed, president Carl J. Megel and other national union officers argued that the resolution and constitution provision did not "require" suspension. The following year, Kugler led the anti-segregation forces in yet another resolution battle, which led to passage of a policy which unequivocably required ejection of locals which discriminated on the basis of race. A number of locals in the Deep South withdrew from the union rather than be suspended, including Local 89 in Atlanta (the first AFT local where 100 percent of the teachers in the bargaining unit had joined the local). In all, the AFT lost close to 5 percent of its membership.^[1]^[6]

St. John's University strike

Kugler led a strike at St. John's University in 1966, which led to the establishment of the AFT as a leader in the unionization of faculty and staff in higher education. In the fall of 1965, 31 faculty members at St. John's University were dismissed without due process or any hearing. Both the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) and the UFCT claimed the university had violated the professors' academic freedom. St. John's, the two groups said, demanded that the faculty restrict their teaching to a narrow, dogmatic approach to Thomism and required faculty to submit all articles and books to the administration for clearance before seeking publication. The Rev. Joseph T. Cahill, president of St. John's, said the teachers had used their classrooms for propaganda purposes.^[7]^[8] Kugler pushed for a more radical response to the dispute, calling for a strike to begin in January 1966 and widening the dispute to include pay and benefits (faculty pay was the lowest of the ten largest Catholic universities in the U.S.)^[7] The strike at St. John's began on January 4, 1966. The union pushed for mediation and arbitration in December 1965, but the university refused to submit to either. Using tactics pioneered by Albert Shanker to win collective bargaining rights for New York City public school teachers, Kugler pushed for local and state government officials to get involved in the dispute. Only a minority of St. John's faculty walked out, forcing the university to close some but not a majority of classes. During the next two years, Kugler challenged the university's accreditation before the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools twice. But that body only warned the university and took no further action. The union raised $250,000 from the Workmen's Circle and other organizations to support the striking faculty. Kugler took professors' case to the Vatican and sought an individual audience with Pope Paul VI, whose encyclicals on workers' rights were repeatedly cited by the union. But the pope refused him an audience.^[9] In the early spring of 1967, as the strike threatened to widen to other Catholic universities in the country and state legislators opened hearings on the labor dispute, the university agreed to arbitration. The strike ended in June 1967. The union did not win recognition at St. John's, and in 1970 arbitrators ruled that the university had not acted improperly.^[10]

Kugler later wrote a well-regarded article about the strike, "The 1966 Strike at St. John's University: A Memoir," which was published in Labor's Heritage in 1997.

Formation of the PSC

Although the strike was a failure in that it did not win reinstatement for the faculty, the strike established the AFT as the pre-eminent union organizing American higher education faculty.^[9] Kugler quickly turned the UFCT's attention to other colleges and universities in the New York City area. In the next few years, under his leadership the union organized locals at the Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT), Nassau Community College and Westchester Community College.^[1] In 1967, faculty at FIT bargained a signed collective bargaining agreement—the first time a public higher education union in the state signed a contract. FIT's contract was only the second public higher education contract in the whole country.^[11]

In 1967, Kugler began pushing for the UFCT to organize the faculty at CUNY. Backed by the AFT and the newly formed (and politically powerful) United Federation of Teachers, UFCT not only won an agreement for a union election but won the December 6, 1968, election in the face of a determined challenge from the AAUP. The union won a second election (this time for non-tenured faculty) nine days later, and a signed contract nine months later.^[11]^[12] CUNY promptly attempted to break the contract by firing 100 untenured faculty members in December 1969. Kugler responded with aggressive picketing which forced the university to rescind its actions.^[13]

In 1972, Kugler merged the UFCT with its long-time rival, the Legislative Conference of the City University. Kugler and Dr. Belle Zeller, president of the Legislative Conference, agreed to form a new organization affiliated with the AFT, the Professional Staff Congress (PSC).^[1] CUNY challenged the right of the PSC to represent its faculty, forcing the PSC into yet another election. The PSC won this second election on June 7, 1972. After a year of negotiations and a threatened strike, CUNY consented to a three-year collective bargaining agreement.^[14] As of 2007, the PSC represented more than 20,000 faculty and staff members at CUNY.

Kugler was elected Deputy Vice President of the PSC after its formation, but retired in the late 1970s.^[1]

Israel Kugler died of pneumonia at his home in Chevy Chase, Maryland, on October 1, 2007.^[1]

Memberships

Kugler was at one time the president of the Three Arrows Cooperative Society,{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} a member of National Committee of Social Democrats USA,^[15] a member of the National Executive Board of the Workmen's Circle/Arbeter Ring,^[16] a member of the Executive Committee of the Jewish Labor Committee,^[17] and a founding member of the Health Care Industry Council of the Labor and Employment Relations Association^[18]

He also at one time had been a board member of the League for Industrial Democracy.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}}

Selected publications

{{anchor|References}} Notes

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷Hevesi, "Israel Kugler, Union Official Who Led Strike at St. John’s, Dies at 90," New York Times, October 8, 2007.
2. ^Quoted in Sorin, Irving Howe: A Life of Passionate Dissent, 2005, p. 18.
3. ^¹Dunbar, A Brother Like Me: A Memoir, 1995.
4. ^Phil Kugler is, as of 2007, the long-time director of organizing and field services at the American Federation of Teachers.
5. ^Wagner, "Local 1460," Higher Education Quarterly, December 1964.
6. ^Eaton, The American Federation of Teachers, 1916-1961: A History of the Movement, 1975; Currivan, "Teachers Clash on Bias in Union," New York Times, August 21, 1954; Currivan, "A.F.L. Teachers Ban Racial Curbs," August 20, 1955.
7. ^¹"Strife at St. John's," Time, December 31, 1965.
8. ^Currivan, "St. John's Hints Faculty Conduct Led to Ousters," New York Times, December 23, 1965.
9. ^¹"Featherman File," The Forward, March 27, 1998.
10. ^Currivan, "St. John's Strike on Jan. 3 Called By Teacher Union," New York Times, December 18, 1965; Currivan, "St. John's Gets Mediation Offer," New York Times, December 24, 1965; Currivan, "St. John's Bars Mediation By City," New York Times, December 28, 1965; Grutzner, "Mayor Offers Aid on St. Johns," New York Times, January 4, 1966; Currivan, "St. John's Opens Despite Its Strike," New York Times, January 5, 1966; Currivan, "St. John's Warns 25 Absentees to Return to Job or Face Action," New York Times, January 6, 1966; Dallos, "St. John's Calls Boycott Failure," New York Times, January 11, 1966; Gansberg, "St. John's Strike Closes Classes, But 2 Sides Disagree on Number," New York Times, February 15, 1966; Dallos, "St. John's to Keep Its Accreditation But Gets Warning," New York Times, May 1, 1966; Kaplan, "Faculty Strikers Suing St. John's," New York Times, June 2, 1966; Dallos, "Teachers Protest at St. John's Commencement," New York Times, June 13, 1966; Currivan, "St. John's Reopening Today With Faculty Strikers Resuming Picket Line," New York Times, September 19, 1966; Currivan, "St. John's Warned Its Accreditation May Be Revoked," New York Times, December 2, 1966; "New Impasse Stalls Plans to Arbitrate St. John's Dispute," New York Times, April 6, 1967; Morris, "Catholic U. Classes Stopped as Protest Spreads in Faculty," New York Times, April 21, 1967; Gansberg, "St. John's Dispute to Be Arbitrated," New York Times, June 20, 1967; Johnston, "Legislative Panel Will Investigate Sale by L.I.U. and Dismissals at St. John's," New York Times, October 10, 1967; Currivan, "St. John's Retains Its Accreditation," New York Times, May 4, 1968; Currivan, "$100,000 Sought in St. John's Case," New York Times, October 12, 1969; Malcolm, "Arbitrators Absolve St. John's of Teachers' Antiunion Charge," New York Times, January 28, 1970.
11. ^¹Polishook, "Collective Bargaining and the City University of New York," Journal of Higher Education, May 1970.
12. ^Farber, "City U. Election On Union Stalled," New York Times, May 12, 1968; Clarity, "Union Wins Vote of C.U. Faculty," New York Times, December 7, 1968; Hechinger, "City U. Faculty to Cast 2d Vote On Union to Represent 4,500," New York Times, December 16, 1968; Handler, "City U. and Untenured Teachers Reach Agreement on a Contract," New York Times, September 11, 1969.
13. ^Handler, "100 of Staff Ousted In Pact Violation, City U. Union Says," New York Times, December 27, 1969; *Handler, "Union to Picket City U. Branches Over Dismissal of Lecturers," New York Times, May 12, 1970.
14. ^Buder, "Faculty Members at City University Pick Single Bargaining Agent," New York Times, June 8, 1972; Peterson, "City U. Proposes 1-Year Pact," New York Times, June 1, 1973; "Staff Unit Votes to Strike City U," New York Times, July 8, 1973.
15. ^"Officers and National Committee Members," Social Democrats USA, no date. Accessed October 7, 2007.
16. ^"National Executive Board," Today's Workmen's Circle/Arbeter Ring, no date. Accessed October 7, 2007.
17. ^"Jewish Labor Committee". Accessed March 8, 2008.
18. ^"Health Care Industry Council, LERA Charter," Labor and Employment Relations Association, no date. Accessed October 7, 2007.