| 词条 | Italian wall lizard |
| 释义 |
| name = Italian wall lizard | image = Podarcis sicula rb edit.jpg | image2 = 2013 Lizard Firenza 01.JPG | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Podarcis | species = siculus | authority = (Rafinesque, 1810) | synonyms = *Lacerta sicula Rafinesque, 1810 }} The Italian wall lizard, ruin lizard, or İstanbul lizard (Podarcis siculus from the Greek meaning 'agile' and 'feet') is a species of lizard in the family Lacertidae. P. siculus is native to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, France, Italy, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia and Switzerland, but has also been introduced to Spain, Turkey, and the United States.[1] P. siculus is the most abundant lizard species in southern Italy.[2] P. siculus gained attention in 2008 following the publication of a research study[3] that detailed distinct morphological and behavioral changes in a P. sicula population indicative of "rapid evolution".[4][5][6]HabitatIts natural habitats are Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation, rocky areas, rocky shores, sandy shores, rural gardens, pastureland, plantations and urban areas. SubspeciesP. siculus contains dozens of subspecies.[7] The current distribution patterns of the subspecies have been interpreted as the consequence of natural events, including regional glacial refuges and postglacial area expansions, and multiple introductions by man.[8]The island endemic Santo Stefano lizard (P. s. sanctistephani) became extinct in 1965 after introduction of predators, interbreeding with introduced wall lizards, and a disease epidemic which wiped out the last remnants. List of subspecies: Podarcis siculus adriaticus, Podarcis siculus aemiliani, Podarcis siculus amparoae, Podarcis siculus astorgae, Podarcis siculus bagnolensis, Podarcis siculus bolei, Podarcis siculus calabresiae, Podarcis siculus campestris, Podarcis siculus caporiaccoi, Podarcis siculcus attaroi, Podarcis siculus cettii, Podarcis siculus ciclopica, Podarcis siculus coeruleus, Podarcis siculus cucchiarai, Podarcis siculus dupinici, Podarcis siculus fiumanoideus, Podarcis siculus flavigulus, Podarcis siculus gallensis, Podarcis siculus hadzii, Podarcis siculus hieroglyphicus, Podarcis siculus insularus, Podarcis siculus klemmeri, Podarcis siculus kolombatovici, Podarcis siculus laganjensis, Podarcis siculus lanzai, Podarcis siculus latastei, Podarcis siculus massinei, Podarcis siculus monaconensis, Podarcis siculus nikolici, Podarcis siculus palmarolae, Podarcis siculus pasquinii, Podarcis siculus paulae, Podarcis siculus pelagosae, Podarcis siculus pirosoensis, Podarcis siculus pohlibensis, Podarcis siculus premudanus, Podarcis siculus premudensis, Podarcis siculus pretneri, Podarcis siculus radovanovici, Podarcis siculus ragusae, Podarcis siculus salfii, Podarcis siculus samogradi, Podarcis siculus sanctinicolai, †Podarcis siculus sanctistephani, Podarcis siculus siculus, Podarcis siculus tyrrhenicus, Podarcis siculus vesseljuchi. [9]Rapid adaptationIn 1971, ten adult specimens of Podarcis siculus (the Italian wall lizard) were transported from the Croatian island of Pod Kopište to the island Pod Mrčaru (about 3.5 km to the east). Both islands lie in the Adriatic Sea near Lastovo), where the lizards founded a new bottlenecked population.[3][10] The two islands have similar size, elevation, microclimate, and a general absence of terrestrial predators[10] and the P. siculus expanded for decades without human interference, even out-competing the (now locally extinct[3]) Podarcis melisellensis population.[11] In the 1990s, scientists returned to Pod Mrčaru and found that the lizards currently occupying Mrčaru differ greatly from those on Kopište. While mitochondrial DNA analyses have verified that P. siculus currently on Mrčaru are genetically very similar to the Kopište source population,[3] the new Mrčaru population of P. siculus was described as having a larger average size, shorter hind limbs, lower maximal sprint speed and altered response to simulated predatory attacks compared to the original Kopište population.[10] These population changes in morphology and behavior were attributed to "relaxed predation intensity" and greater protection from vegetation on Mrčaru.[10] In 2008, further analysis revealed that the Mrčaru population of P. siculus have significantly different head morphology (longer, wider, and taller heads) and increased bite force compared to the original Kopište population.[3] This change in head shape corresponded with a shift in diet: Kopište P. siculus are primarily insectivorous, but those on Mrčaru eat substantially more plant matter.[3] The changes in foraging style may have contributed to a greater population density and decreased territorial behavior of the Mrčaru population.[3] Another difference found between the two populations was the discovery, in the Mrčaru lizards, of cecal valves, which slow down food passage and provide fermenting chambers, allowing commensal microorganisms to convert cellulose to nutrients digestible by the lizards.[3] Additionally, the researchers discovered that nematodes were common in the guts of Mrčaru lizards, but absent from Kopište P. siculus, which do not have cecal valves.[3] The cecal valves, which occur in less than 1 percent of all known species of scaled reptiles,[3] have been described as an "adaptive novelty, a brand new feature not present in the ancestral population and newly evolved in these lizards".[12] As an introduced speciesPopulations of P. siculus in North America have been documented from Topeka, Kansas, Long Island, New York and Greenwich, Connecticut. [13] The species seems to be extending its range from an initial colonization event in western Long Island, presumably by using railroad tracks as dispersal corridors.[14] On the west coast, ''P. sicula'' was introduced to San Pedro, California in 1994 by a traveler coming back from the island of Sicily. See also
==References== 1. ^1 {{Cite journal | author = Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J. | author2 = Vogrin, M. | author3 = Corti, C. | author4 = Pérez Mellado, V. | author5 = Sá-Sousa, P. | author6 = Cheylan, M. | author7 = Pleguezuelos, J. | author8 = Sindaco, R. | author9 = Romano, A. | author10 = Avci, A. | last-author-amp = yes | title = Podarcis siculus | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2009 | page = e.T61553A86151752 | publisher = IUCN | date = 2009 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/61553/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T61553A12515189.en | access-date = 23 December 2017}} 2. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=De Falco M, Sciarrillo R, Virgilio F, etal |title=Annual variations of adrenal gland hormones in the lizard Podarcis sicula |journal=J. Comp. Physiol. A |volume=190 |issue=8 |pages=675–81 |date=August 2004 |pmid=15170520 |doi=10.1007/s00359-004-0528-1 |url=}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite journal |vauthors=Herrel A, Huyghe K, Vanhooydonck B, etal |title=Rapid large-scale evolutionary divergence in morphology and performance associated with exploitation of a different dietary resource |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=105 |issue=12 |pages=4792–5 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18344323 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0711998105 |url= https://works.bepress.com/duncan_irschick/4/download/|pmc=2290806}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/080421-lizard-evolution.html |title=National Geographic: Lizards Rapidly Evolve After Introduction to Island |work= |accessdate=2008-05-27}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/04/080417112433.htm |title=Science Daily: Lizards Undergo Rapid Evolution After Introduction To A New Home |work= |accessdate=2008-05-27}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://newswise.com/articles/view/539909/ |title=Newswise: Lizards Undergo Rapid Evolution After Introduction to New Island |work= |accessdate=2008-08-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6158nVcVS?url=http://newswise.com/articles/view/539909/ |archivedate=2011-08-20 |df= }} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cyberlizard.plus.com/lacertids2s.htm |title=TYPICAL LIZARDS (Lacertidae): Podarcis sicula ssp |work= |accessdate=2008-06-02}} 8. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Podnar M, Mayer W, Tvrtković N |title=Phylogeography of the Italian wall lizard, Podarcis sicula, as revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequences |journal=Mol. Ecol. |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=575–88 |date=February 2005 |pmid=15660947 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02427.x |url=}} 9. ^http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Podarcis&species=siculus&search_param=%28%28genus%3D%27Podarcis%27%29%28species%3D%27siculus%27%29%29 10. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |author1=Bart Vervust |author2=Irena Grbac |author3=Raoul Van Damme |title=Differences in morphology, performance and behaviour between recently diverged populations of Podarcis sicula mirror differences in predation pressure|journal=Oikos|volume=116 |issue=8|pages=1343–1352|date=August 2007|pmid=|doi=10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15989.x |url=}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/080421-lizard-evolution.html |title=Lizards Rapidly Evolve After Introduction to Island |accessdate= |publisher=National Geographic }} 12. ^{{cite web |last=Myers |first=PZ |title=Still just a lizard |work = |publisher=ScienceBlogs |date=23 April 2008 |url=http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2008/04/23/still-just-a-lizard/ |doi= |accessdate= }} 13. ^https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269631367_Italian_Wall_Lizard_%28Podarcis_sicula%29_The_first_population_found_in_New_England 14. ^http://www.hofstra.edu/pdf/ORSP_Russell_BurkeFall05.pdf External links
4 : Reptiles described in 1810|Podarcis|Articles containing video clips|Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。