“Ixil language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Ixil language

释义

Phonology
Vowels Consonants
Grammar
See also
Notes
Bibliography
External links

{{Infobox language
| name = Ixil
| nativename =
| pronunciation = {{IPA| [ɪ̆ʃɪ̆l] }}
| states = Guatemala
| region = Quiché Department
| ethnicity = Ixil
| speakers = 135,000
| date = 2001
| ref = ^[1]
| familycolor = American
| fam1 = Mayan
| fam2 = Division Oriental
| fam3 = Greater Mamean
| fam4 = Ixilan
| minority = {{flag|Guatemala}}
| agency = Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala
| iso3 = ixl
| glotto = ixil1251
| glottorefname = Ixil
}}

Ixil (Ixhil) is one of the 21 different Mayan languages spoken in Guatemala. According to historical linguistic studies Ixil emerged as a separate language sometime around the year 500AD.^[2] It is the primary language of the Ixil people, which comprises the three towns of San Juan Cotzal, Santa Maria Nebaj, and San Gaspar Chajul in the Guatemalan highlands. There is also an Ixil speaking migrant population in Guatemala City and the United States. Although there are slight differences in vocabulary in the dialects spoken by people in the three different Ixil towns, they are all mutually intelligible and should be considered dialects of a single language.

Phonology

Vowels

Short	Front	Central	Back
Close	u {{IPA>[ŭ]}}
Near-Close	i {{IPA>[ɪ̆]}}
Mid	o {{IPA>[ŏ]}}
Mid-low	e {{IPA>[ɜ̆]}}
Open	a {{IPA>[ɐ̆]}}

Long	Front	Central	Back
High	ii [iː] uu [yː]
Close-mid	ee {{IPA>[eː]}} oo {{IPA\|[øː]}}
Open	aa {{IPA>[aː]}}

A notable feature of Ixil is that all short vowels are either central or back vowels and all long vowels are front vowels. This is a unique feature not found in other Mayan languages. As an exception, some speakers do not pronounce {{angbr|oo}} as front {{IPA|[øː]}} but rather as a back {{IPA|[oː]}}. Also, some speakers also pronounce {{angbr|i}} as {{IPA|[i]}} rather than {{IPA|[ɪ]}}. Short vowels are very short in Ixil, and long {{angbr|uu}} {{IPA|[yː]}} is extra long and stressed.

Consonants

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar		Uvular	Glottal
		Bilabial	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Normal	Palatalized	Uvular	Glottal
Plosive	Normal	p {{IPA>[p̪ʰ]}}	t {{IPA>[tʰ]}}	k {{IPA>[kʰ]}}	ky {{IPA>[kʰʲ]}}	q {{IPA>[qʰ]}}	' {{IPA>[ʲʔ]}}
	Ejective	tʼ [tʼ]	kʼ {{IPA>[kʼ]}}	kyʼ{{IPA>[kʼʲ]}}
	Implosive	bʼ {{IPA>[ɓ]}}	qʼ {{IPA>[ʛ]}}
Nasal		m {{IPA>[m]}}	n {{IPA>[n]}}	nh {{IPA>[ŋ]}}
Fricative		v [v~f]	z {{IPA>[s]}}	xh {{IPA>[ɕ]}}	x {{IPA>[ʃ]}}	j {{IPA>[χ]}}
Affricate	Normal	tz {{IPA>[t͡sʰ]}}	ch {{IPA>[ȶ͡ɕʰ]}}	tx {{IPA>[ʈ͡ʂʰ]}}
Affricate	Ejective	tzʼ {{IPA>[t͡sʼ~dt͡sʼ]}}	chʼ {{IPA>[ȶ͡ɕʼ~ȡȶ͡ɕʼ]}}	txʼ {{IPA>[ʈ͡ʂʼ~ɖʈ͡ʂʼ]}}
Flap		r {{IPA>[ɾ]}}
Approximant		w [ʋ]	l {{IPA>[l]}}	y {{IPA>[j]}}

Grammar

Ixil pronominals are discerned between ergative ones and absolutive ones.^[3] A notable feature of the language's grammar is its ambiguity in discerning reflexive from reciprocal pronouns.^[4]

Notes

1. ^Noj, Mario Ruben. 2001. Manual de Interpretación del Mapa Linguistico de Guatemala, Editorial Nojib'sa.
2. ^Colby, Benjamin N., Pierre L. van den Berghe. 1977. Ixiles y Ladinos: El Pluralism Social en el Altiplano de Guatemala. Guatemala: Editorial "Jose de Pineda Ibarra". p. 57.
3. ^[https://www.jstor.org/pss/3519723 "Toward a Dialectology of Ixil Maya: Variation across Communities and Individuals" Thomas E. Lengyel]
4. ^"Reflexive and Reciprocal Elements in Ixil", ERIC: ED353802, Glenn Ayres, 1990.

Bibliography

Asicona Ramírez, Lucas, Domingo Méndez Rivera, Rodrigo Domingo Xinic Bop. 1998. Diccionario Ixil de

San Gaspar Chajul. La Antigua Guatemala: Proyecto Linguistico Francisco Marroquín.

Cedillo Chel, Antonio, Juan Ramírez. 1999. Diccionario del idioma ixil de Santa María Nebaj. La

Antigua Guatemala: Proyecto Linguistico Francisco Marroquín.

Programa de Rescate Cultural Maya-Ixil. 1995. Aqʼbʼal Eluʼl Yol Vatzsaj: Diccionario Ixil. Guatemala City: Cholsamaj.

Ayers, Glenn Thompson. 1991. Gramática Ixil. La Antigua Guatemala: CIRMA.

Maximiliano Poma S., Tabita J.T. de la Cruz, Manuel Caba Caba et al. 1996. Gramática del Idioma

Ixil. La Antigua Guatemala: Proyecto Linguistico Francisco Marroquín.

England, Nora C. 1994. Ukutaʼmiil Ramaqʼiil Utzijobʼaal ri Mayaʼ Amaaqʼ: Autonomia de los Idiomas Mayas: Historia e identidad. (2nd ed.). Guatemala City: Cholsamaj.

Oxlajuuj Keej Mayaʼ Ajtzʼiibʼ (OKMA). 1993. Mayaʼ chiiʼ. Los idiomas Mayas de Guatemala. Guatemala City: Cholsamaj.

External links

[https://archive.org/details/LaGramaticaIxil Ayres, 1991, La Gramática Ixil]
Doctrina y Confesionario en lengua Ixil
OLAC resources in and about the Ixil language
ELAR archive of Ixil Maya language documentation materials
Ixil Maya Conversation / Narrative Collection at the Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America, containing audio recordings and digital texts.

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