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释义 |
A concordat is a convention between the Holy See and a sovereign state that defines the relationship between the Catholic Church and the state in matters that concern both,[1] i.e. the recognition and privileges of the Catholic Church in a particular country and with secular matters that impact on church interests. According to P.W. Brown the use of the term "concordat" does not appear "until the pontificate of Pope Martin V (1413–1431) in a work by Nicholas de Cusa, entitled De Concordantia Catholica".[2] The first concordat dates from 1098, and from then to the beginning of the First World War the Holy See signed 74 concordats.[1] Due to the substantial remapping of Europe that took place after the war, new concordats with legal successor states were necessary.[1] The post-World War I era saw the greatest proliferation of concordats in history.[1] Although for a time after the Second Vatican Council, which ended in 1965, the term 'concordat' was dropped, it reappeared with the Polish Concordat of 1993 and the Portuguese Concordat of 2004. A different model of relations between the Vatican and various states is still evolving[3] in the wake of the Second Vatican Council's Declaration on Religious Liberty, Dignitatis humanae.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} Church teachingThe Catholic church historically claimed not to be bound to one form of government over another, but was willing to work with any kind of government, so long as the rights of God and believers were maintained. Pius XI wrote in 1933: Universally known is the fact that the Catholic Church is never bound to one form of government more than to another, provided the Divine rights of God and of Christian consciences are safe. She does not find any difficulty in adapting herself to various civil institutions, be they monarchic or republican, aristocratic or democratic.[4] Church–State dichotomy{{more citations needed|date=October 2012}}From a Church–State perspective, the contentions regarding Concordats involves two perspectives. From a Catholic perspective, the Church has the moral and theological right to enter into diplomatic relations with states in order to reach agreements regarding the care of its members residing there. This is the concept of Libertas ecclesiae (freedom of the Church). However, from a non-Catholic perspective, Catholic church privileges pose certain concerns regarding religious freedom, such as:
Examples of concordats
Some concordats guarantee the Catholic Church the tax-exempt status of a charity, being by fact the largest charitable institution in the world, either stating this explicitly, as in Brazil (2008, Article 15)[10] and Italy (1984, Article 7.3),[11] or phrasing it indirectly, as in Portugal (2004, art. 12).[12] When the political will is present, such concordat privileges can be extended by domestic legislation. In 1992 the tax exemption granted the Church by the Italian concordat was interpreted by a law which permits the Catholic Church to avoid paying 90% of what it owes to the state for its commercial activities.[13] Thus, a small shrine within the walls of a cinema, holiday resort, shop, restaurant or hotel is sufficient to confer religious exemption.[14] In June 2007 Neelie Kroes, the European Commissioner for Competition announced an investigation of this. Then, in August, the deputy finance minister in Romano Prodi’s fragile center-left coalition said the issue needed to be tackled in the next year's budget.[15] However, after that nothing more about this was heard from the Barroso Commission and a few months later the Prodi government fell. The Slovak concordat (2000, art. 20.2) ensures that church offertories are "not subject to taxation or to the requirement of public accountability".[16] This is also the case in Côte d'Ivoire, where far larger sums are involved. The Basilica at Yamoussoukro, is estimated to have cost $300 million, and the additional running expenses for what is the largest church in the world are also shielded from scrutiny by the 1992 concordat concluded with the Ivorian president. Houphouët-Boigny claimed that these funds came from his private fortune. A Vatican official is reported to have called the agreement over the foundation set up to administer these funds "a delicate matter".[17] Nevertheless, this concordat ensures that the foundation’s income and assets remain untaxed (art. 9.1), it holds these funds beyond the reach of both criminal and civil law (art. 7.1), it permits this money to be sent out of the country (art. 13.2) and it keeps all the foundation’s documents "inviolable", in other words, secret (art. 8).[18] In Colombia there was a crisis between state and church in 1994 when Attorney-General Gustavo de Greiff accused several Bishops of having illegal contacts with the FARC guerrillas. It turned out that under Colombia's concordat with the Holy See, members of the clergy could only be investigated by ecclesiastical courts which are ruled by canon law, and that the Bishops were therefore immune from investigation by the civil authorities on what many in Colombia considered to be a serious felony. ListFurther information: Treaties of the Holy See, Multilateral Treaties signed by the Holy See and Concordats with individual states of GermanyThere have been at least several hundred concordats over the centuries.[19] The following is a sortable list of the concordats and other bilateral agreements concluded by the Holy See.
References1. ^1 2 3 René Metz, "What is Canon Law?" (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1960 [1st Edition]), pg. 137 2. ^{{cite journal|jstor=25011853|title=The Pactum Callixtinum: An Innovation in Papal Diplomacy|first=P. W.|last=Browne|date=4 May 2018|publisher=|journal=The Catholic Historical Review|volume=8|issue=2|pages=180–190|accessdate=}} 3. ^See, for example, Petkoff 2007. 4. ^Pius XI, Dilectissima Nobis 1933 5. ^Robert A. Graham, "Introduction: Reflections on Vatican Diplomacy," in Kent and Pollard, eds., Papal Diplomacy, 1, 2 6. ^Andrea Bonime-Blanc, Spain’s Transition to Democracy: The Politics of Constitution-making (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, Inc., 1987), 104. 7. ^Maria Elena Olmos Ortega, "Los Acuerdos con la Santa Sede: Instrumentos Garantes de la Libertad Religiosa," in Maria del Mar Martin, Mercedes Salido, Jose Maria Vazquez Garcia-Penuela, eds., Iglesia Catolica y Relaciones Internacionales: Actas del III Simposio Internacional de Derecho Concordatorio (Granada: Editorial Comares, 2008), 489–502. 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |work= |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs |accessdate=2011-12-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archivedate=6 February 2011 |df=dmy-all }} See drop-down essay on "Religion and Politics until the French Revolution" 9. ^{{cite journal|first1=Jean-Baptiste Jeangène|last1=Vilmer |title=Commentaire du Concordat de 1801 entre la France et le Saint-Siège |journal=Revue d’Histoire Ecclésiastique |date=2007 |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=124-154 |url=http://www.jbjv.com/Commentaire-du-Concordat-de-1801.html |trans-title=Comment on the Concordat of 1801 between France and the Holy See |language=fr}} 10. ^{{cite web |title=Brazil {{!}} Concordat: text (2008) |url=http://www.concordatwatch.eu/showtopic.php?org_id=15311&kb_header_id=37261 |website=Concordat Watch |accessdate=2018-09-18|translator-first=Daniel|translator-last=Sottomaior}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.concordatwatch.eu/showtopic.php?org_id=878&kb_header_id=39221|title=Concordat Watch - Italy - Modifications to the Lateran Concordat (1984): text|author=|date=|website=www.concordatwatch.eu|accessdate=4 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108222655/http://www.concordatwatch.eu/showtopic.php?org_id=878&kb_header_id=39221|archivedate=8 November 2017|df=dmy-all}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.concordatwatch.eu/showtopic.php?org_id=1361&kb_header_id=4131|title=Concordat Watch - Portugal - Concordat (2004) : text|author=|date=|website=www.concordatwatch.eu|accessdate=4 May 2018}} 13. ^{{cite web |last1=Maltese |first1=Curzio |translator-first=Graeme A.|translator-last= Hunter|title=Property tax relief for the Church: EU takes Italy to Court |url=http://www.concordatwatch.eu/showdoc.php?org_id=843&doc_id=1741 |website=Concordat Watch|accessdate=2018-09-18 |date=25 June 2007}} 14. ^"Gli alberghi dei santi alla crociata dell'Ici" ("Tax crusade marches on the holy hotels"), Curzio Maltese, La Repubblica, 25 October 2007. 15. ^{{cite news |last1=Hooper |first1=John |title=Church ready to forgo tax breaks |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/aug/28/italy.johnhooper |accessdate=2018-09-18 |work=The Guardian |date=28 August 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306160110/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/aug/28/italy.johnhooper |archivedate=2016-03-06}} 16. ^{{cite web |title=Texts of Slovak concordats and other Church-state documents. Basic Concordat (2000) |url=http://www.concordatwatch.eu/kb-1222.834 |translator-first=David |translator-last=Holohan|website=Concordat Watch |accessdate=2018-09-18}} 17. ^"The Basilica in the Bush", Richard N. Ostling, Time Magazine, 3 July 1989. 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.concordatwatch.eu/showtopic.php?org_id=7181&kb_header_id=41031|title=Côte d'Ivoire - Agreement concerning the "International Foundation, Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro" (1992): text|translator-first=Muriel|translator-last=Fraser|website=Concordat Watch|accessdate=4 May 2018}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.concordatwatch.eu/showtopic.php?org_id=871&kb_header_id=822|title=Concordat Watch - Concordat Strategy - What are Concordats?|author=|date=|website=www.concordatwatch.eu|accessdate=4 May 2018}} 20. ^http://hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca/jwelcher/MIK%2010%20Class%20Notes/1_concordat.pdf 21. ^Concordat of 1851, {{en icon}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://licodu.cois.it/?p=4105&lang=en|title=Concordat between the Holy See and the Realm of Serbia in 1914 (between Pius X and Peter I) - Licodu|author=|date=|website=licodu.cois.it|accessdate=4 May 2018}} 23. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rebyz_1146-9447_1915_num_17_108_4174|title=Le Concordat de la Serbie avec le Saint-Siège (juin 1914-mars 1915)|first=Sévérien|last=Salaville|date=4 May 2018|journal=Échos d'Orient|volume=17|issue=108|pages=459–468|accessdate=4 May 2018|doi=10.3406/rebyz.1915.4174}} 24. ^1 René Metz, "What is Canon Law?" (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1960 [1st Edition]), pg. 138 25. ^{{cite book| title=Integrating Minorities: Traditional Communities and Modernization |chapter=The Roman-Catholic Church and Its Influence on the Moldavian Csángó Identity in Greater Romania |first=Agnieszka |last=Barszczewska |editor-first=Agnieszka |editor-last=Barszczewska |editor-first2=Lehel |editor-last2=Peti |publisher=The Romanian Institute for Research on National Minorities |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztgwoGq1OYQC&pg=PA232 |page=232 |isbn=978-606-92744-9-1}} 26. ^{{cite book| first=Alfonsas |last=Eidintas |year=2015 | title=Antanas Smetona and His Lithuania: From the National Liberation Movement to an Authoritarian Regime (1893-1940) |translator=Alfred Erich Senn |publisher=Brill Rodopi |series=On the Boundary of Two Worlds |isbn=9789004302037 |page=193 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PaGXCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA193 }} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/dam/vaticanstate/documenti/leggi-e-decreti/Normative-Penali-e-Amministrative/LateranTreaty.pdf|title=For the text of the Lateran Treaty see|author=|date=|website=vaticanstate.va|accessdate=4 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010175158/http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/dam/vaticanstate/documenti/leggi-e-decreti/Normative-Penali-e-Amministrative/LateranTreaty.pdf|archivedate=10 October 2017|df=dmy-all}} 28. ^Concordat of 1953, {{en icon}} 29. ^Concordato entre la Santa Sede y España {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222064530/http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19530827_concordato-spagna_sp.html |date=22 February 2017 }}, [html], Vatican website; accessed 15 Feb. 2017. 30. ^1 Odluka o proglašenju Zakona o potvrđivanju Ugovora između Svete Stolice i Republike Hrvatske o suradnji na području odgoja i kulture {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023350/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/medunarodni/1997_02_2_10.html |date=4 March 2016 }} {{hr icon}} 31. ^1 Odluka o proglašenju Zakona o potvrđivanju Ugovora između Svete Stolice i Republike Hrvatske o dušobrižništvu katoličkih vjernika, pripadnika oružanih snaga i redarstvenih službi Republike Hrvatske {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607201034/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/medunarodni/1997_02_2_9.html |date=7 June 2015 }} {{hr icon}} 32. ^1 Odluka o proglašenju Zakona o potvrđivanju Ugovora između Svete Stolice i Republike Hrvatske o pravnim pitanjima {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510230941/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/medunarodni/1997_02_3_19.html |date=10 May 2015 }} {{hr icon}} 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.concordatwatch.eu/topic-753.843|title=Concordat Watch - Hungary - Hungary-Vatican concordat on finance (1997): text|author=|date=|website=www.concordatwatch.eu|accessdate=4 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410113800/http://www.concordatwatch.eu/topic-753.843|archivedate=10 April 2016|df=dmy-all}} 34. ^Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Legal Personality Agreement {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010104648/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1996-1997/Legal%20Personality%20Agreement-%20State%20of%20Israel-Holy |date=10 October 2012 }} 35. ^1 Odluka o proglašenju Zakona o potvrđivanju Ugovora između Svete Stolice i Republike Hrvatske o gospodarskim pitanjima {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051433/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/medunarodni/1998_12_18_165.html |date=4 March 2016 }} {{hr icon}} 36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/2000/documents/rc_seg-st_20000215_santa-sede-olp_en.html|title=Basic Agreement between the Holy See and the Palestine Liberation Organization|author=|date=|website=www.vatican.va|accessdate=4 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017162834/http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/2000/documents/rc_seg-st_20000215_santa-sede-olp_en.html|archivedate=17 October 2017|df=dmy-all}} 37. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/|title=Open Society Foundations|author=|date=|website=Open Society Foundations|accessdate=4 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150316064043/https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org|archivedate=16 March 2015|df=dmy-all}} 38. ^[https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/martinagar.geo/BosniaErzegovina.htm&date=2009-10-26+02:17:50 2006 Basic Agreement] 39. ^{{cite web|url=http://bibliotecanonica.net/docsaq/btcaqf.pdf|title=2015 agreement between the Holy See and the State of Palestine|author=|date=|website=bibliotecanonica.net|accessdate=4 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506161700/http://bibliotecanonica.net/docsaq/btcaqf.pdf|archivedate=6 May 2017|df=dmy-all}} 40. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2015/06/26/holy_see,_state_of_palestine_sign_comprehensive_agreement/1154236|title=News from the Vatican - News about the Church - Vatican News|author=|date=|website=en.radiovaticana.va|accessdate=4 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042703/http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2015/06/26/holy_see,_state_of_palestine_sign_comprehensive_agreement/1154236|archivedate=1 December 2017|df=dmy-all}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2016/01/02/holy_see,_state_of_palestine_agreement_enters_into_force/1198477|title=News from the Vatican - News about the Church - Vatican News|author=|date=|website=en.radiovaticana.va|accessdate=4 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040957/http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2016/01/02/holy_see,_state_of_palestine_agreement_enters_into_force/1198477|archivedate=1 December 2017|df=dmy-all}} Bibliography
5 : History of the papacy|Foreign relations of the Holy See|Religion and politics|Treaties of the Holy See|Canonical documents |
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