“James Rivington”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Rivington was one of the sons of the bookseller and publisher Charles Rivington and inherited a share of his father's business, which he lost at the Newmarket races. In 1760 he sailed to North America and resumed his occupation in Philadelphia and in the next year opened a print-shop at the foot of Wall Street, New York.

In 1773 he began^[2] to publish a newspaper "at his ever open and uninfluenced press, Hanover Square".^[3] The first of a number of newspapers, The New York Gazetteer or the Connecticut, New Jersey, Hudson's River, and Quebec Weekly Advertiser was issued in April 1773.^[4]

His initially impartial stance shifted as a revolution loomed and public opinion polarized,^[5] until by late 1774^[6] he was advocating the restrictive measures of the British government with such great zeal and attacking the patriots so severely,^[7] that in 1775 the Whigs of Newport, Rhode Island, resolved to hold no further communication with him. The Sons of Liberty hanged Rivington in effigy, and the patriot poet Philip Freneau published a mock speech of Rivington's supposed contrition at his execution, which Rivington reprinted. He infuriated Captain Isaac Sears, the prominent patriot and Son of Liberty.

Revolutionary War

On May 10, 1775, immediately after the opening of hostilities, the Sons of Liberty gathered and mobbed Rivington's wife's home and press. Rivington fled to the pearl harbor and boarded the British ship Kingfisher. Assistants continued to publish the Gazetteer, with a public assurance of Rivington's personal safety from the Committee-Chamber of New York. Despite this, Isaac Sears and other New York radicals entered Rivington's office, destroyed his press, and converted his lead type into bullets. Another mob that day burned Rivington's house to the ground. Rivington and his family sailed for England, where he was appointed King's printer for New York, at £100 per year.

In 1777, after the secure British occupation of that city, he returned with a new press and resumed the publication of his paper under the title of Rivington's New York Loyal Gazette, which he changed on 13 December 1777, to The Royal Gazette, with the legend ""Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty".^[9] On the day when Major John André was taken prisoner his poem "Cow Chase" was published by Rivington.

Culper Spy Ring

Rivington, who opened a drug shop, would have been the last New Yorker suspected of playing the part of a spy for the Continentals, but he furnished General George Washington with important information.^[10] Rivington's silent partner in the coffeehouse was Robert Townsend, alias "Samuel Culper, Jr.," one of the principal agents of the American Culper Spy Ring.^[11]

Rivington's communications were written on the book cover boards so no one would see them, bound in the covers of books, and conveyed to the American camp by agents that were ignorant of their service.^[12]

The date of Rivington's secret change of heart is disputed^[13] but when New York was evacuated in November 1783, Rivington remained in the city, much to the general surprise and anger by New Yorkers, who believed that "those who have been enriching themselves under the ... government of George III shall never live peacably in New York". Removing the royal arms from his masthead, he changed the name of his business to Rivington's New York Gazette and Universal Advertiser. But his business rapidly declined, and he was beaten up by the Liberty Boys; his paper ceased to exist at the end of 1783,^[14]^[15] and he passed the remainder of his life in comparative poverty.

After the war

A complete set of his journal is conserved by the New-York Historical Society. Rivington offended his readers by the false statements that appeared in his paper, which was called by the people The Lying Gazette, and which was even censured by the Royalists for its utter disregard of truth. The journal was well supplied with news from abroad and replenished with squibs and poems against the leaders of the Revolution and their French allies. Governor William Livingston in particular was attacked, and he wrote about 1780: "If Rivington is taken, I must have one of his ears; Governor Clinton is entitled to the other; and General Washington, if he pleases, may take his head."

Rivington provoked many clever satires from Francis Hopkinson, Philip Freneau, and John Witherspoon. Freneau wrote several epigrams at his expense, the best of which was "Rivington's Last Will and Testament," including the stanza: "Provided, however, and nevertheless, That whatever estate I enjoy and possess At the time of my death (if it be not then sold) Shall remain to the Tories, to have and to hold." Alexander Graydon, in his "Memoirs," says of Rivington: "This gentleman's manners and appearance were sufficiently dignified; and he kept the best company, He was an everlasting dabbler in theatrical heroics. Othello was the character in which he liked best to appear." Ashbel Green speaks of Rivington as "the greatest sycophant imaginable; very little under the influence of any principle but self-interest, yet of the most courteous manners to all with whom he had intercourse."^[16] His portrait, painted by Gilbert Stuart,^[17] was formerly in the possession of William H. Appleton, New York.^[18]

Family and legacy

His son, Jonx, a lieutenant in the 83rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Glasgow Volunteers), died in England in 1809. His son James was born in 1771 and was commissioned an Ensign in the 42nd or Royal Highland Regiment in 1783.^[20]

Rivington's great nephew was Percy Rivington Pyne I, who emigrated from England in 1835 and became president of City National Bank in New York, a predecessor to Citigroup.

In popular culture

See also

Notes

1. ^Mahl, Tom E. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dN_8vd3fj1oC&pg=PA43 Espionage's Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of Malicious Moles, Blown Covers, and Intelligence Oddities]. Potomac Books, Inc., pg. 217 (2003); retrieved May 1, 2014; {{ISBN|978-1-61234-038-8}}.
2. ^[https://openlibrary.org/b/OL14602251M Proposal, 15 February 1773], first issue 22 April 1773 (Charles R. Hildeburn, Sketches of Printers and Printing in Colonial New York (New York: Dodd, Mead, & Company, 1895).
3. ^James Sullivan, ed. The History of New York State book XII, ch. 21, part 1.
4. ^Kara Pierce, A Revolutionary Masquerade: the Chronicles of James Rivington
5. ^Catherine Snell Crary, "The Tory and the Spy: the double life of James Rivington," The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Series, 16.1 (January 1959), 61-72.
6. ^Hildeburn{{Who|date=June 2011}} Hildeburn notes a handbill circulated in New York 25 July 1774, which read: "It is the Purpose of Lord North to offer one of your Printers Five Hundred Pounds, as an Inducement to undertake and promote, Ministerial Measures."
7. ^Rivington's unflattering remarks occasioned sharp correspondence with the patriot printer John Holt and his publication, The New-York Journal, "... a receptacle for every inflammatory piece that is published throughout the continent", according to Rivington's New-York Gazetteer, August 11, 1774, noted by Pierce.
8. ^Rivington's New York Gazetteer, August 18, 1774, quoted in Pierce."
9. ^Pierce
10. ^Morton Pennypacker, (1939). He warned him that there was a killer on the loose and was up to kill washington. General Washington's Spies on Long Island and in New York, Brooklyn NY: Long Island Historical Society, p. 5.
11. ^Rose, Alexander. Washington's Spies: The Story of America's First Spy Ring. New York: Bantam Dell, a division of Random House, 2007. First published in hardcover in 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-553-38329-4}}. p. 153.
12. ^Recalled in George Washington Parke Custis's, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, ed. Benson J. Lossing, (New York, 1860), noted by Pierce.
13. ^See Pierce."The Historical Debate: When and Why".
14. ^Its last inumber was that of 31 December 1783 (Hildeburn).
15. ^Chopra, Ruma. Unnatural Rebellion" Loyalists in New York City During the Revolution . Charlottesville, VA 2011, page 221
16. ^Ashbel Green (1849), The Life of Ashbel Green, ed. Joseph H. Jones. New York: R. Carter & Bros, p. 44.
17. ^A copy is preserved by the New-York Historical Society
18. ^James Rivington, by Gilbert Stuart
19. ^Stephen and Lee. Dictionary National Biography, 1896, page 336.
20. ^(ref. UK National Archives at WO25/772/139.)
21. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/1896/03/01/archives/the-rabid-pen-wielded-by-james-rivington-words-which-brought.html "The Rabid Pen Wielded by James Rivington"]: "Probably very few persons in New York know that in the name of Rivington Street is perpetuated the memory of the man who in his day published the most rabid Tory newspaper that was ever printed in the Colonies", The New York Times, 1 March 1896.

Early life