| 词条 | James Waddell Alexander II |
| 释义 |
|name = James Waddell Alexander II |image = File:AlexanderIIJamesWaddel Moscow1935.tif |caption = At a topological conference in Moscow, 1935 |birth_date = {{Birth date|1888|09|19}} |birth_place = Sea Bright, New Jersey |death_date = {{death date and age|1971|09|23|1888|09|19}} |death_place = Princeton, New Jersey |residence = |citizenship = |nationality = |field = Topology |work_institutions = |alma_mater = |doctoral_advisor = Oswald Veblen |doctoral_students = |known_for = Algebraic topology |influences = |influenced = |prizes = Bôcher Memorial Prize (1928) |footnotes = |signature = }} James Waddell Alexander II (September 19, 1888{{snd}} September 23, 1971) was a mathematician and topologist of the pre-World War II era and part of an influential Princeton topology elite, which included Oswald Veblen, Solomon Lefschetz, and others. He was one of the first members of the Institute for Advanced Study (1933–1951), and also a professor at Princeton University (1920–1951). Early life, family, and personal lifeJames was born on September 19, 1888, in Sea Bright, New Jersey.[1] Alexander came from an old, distinguished Princeton family. He was the only child of the American portrait painter John White Alexander and Elizabeth Alexander. His maternal grandfather, James Waddell Alexander, was the president of the Equitable Life Assurance Society. Alexander's affluence and upbringing allowed him to interact with high society in America and elsewhere. He married Natalia Levitzkaja on January 11, 1918, a Russian woman. Together, they had two children.[2] They would frequently spend time, until 1937, in the Chamonix area of France, where he would also climb mountains and hills. Alexander was also a noted mountaineer, having succeeded in many major ascents, e.g. in the Swiss Alps and Colorado Rockies. When in Princeton, he liked to climb the university buildings, and always left his office window on the top floor of Fine Hall open so that he could enter by climbing the building. EducationHe graduated from Princeton University with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1910. He received his Masters of Arts degree in 1911 and his doctoral degree in 1915.[2] Military careerDuring World War I, Alexander served with tech staff in the Ordnance Department of the United States Army overseas. He retired as a Captain.[2] Academic careerHe was a pioneer in algebraic topology, setting the foundations for Henri Poincaré's ideas on homology theory and furthering it by founding cohomology theory, which developed gradually in the decade after he gave a definition of cochain. For this, in 1928 he was awarded the Bôcher Memorial Prize. He also contributed to the beginnings of knot theory by inventing the Alexander invariant of a knot, which in modern terms is a graded module obtained from the homology of a "cyclic covering" of the knot complement. From this invariant, he defined the first of the polynomial knot invariants. With Garland Briggs, he also gave a combinatorial description of knot invariance based on certain moves, now (against the history{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}) called the Reidemeister moves; and also a means of computing homological invariants from the knot diagram. Towards the end of his life, Alexander became a recluse. He was known as a socialist and his prominence brought him to the attention of McCarthyists. The atmosphere of the McCarthy era pushed him into a greater seclusion. He was not seen in public after 1954, when he appeared to sign a letter supporting J. Robert Oppenheimer. Death and legacyHe died on September 23, 1971.[2] The Alexander's Chimney, in the Rocky Mountain National Park, and Alexander Road, in Princeton, New Jersey, are named after him. See also
References1. ^Staff. [https://library.ias.edu/files/pdfs/hs/cos.pdf#page=43 A COMMUNITY OF SCHOLARS: The Institute for Advanced Study Faculty and Members 1930–1980], p. 43. Institute for Advanced Study, 1980. Accessed November 20, 2015. "Alexander, James Waddell M, Topology Born 1888 Seabright, NJ." 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|title=Who Was Who in American History - the Military|date=1975|publisher=Marquis Who's Who|location=Chicago|isbn=0837932017|page=6}} Sources
External links
9 : 1888 births|1971 deaths|20th-century American mathematicians|Topologists|Institute for Advanced Study faculty|Princeton University faculty|People from Sea Bright, New Jersey|Princeton University alumni|Mathematicians from New Jersey |
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