| 词条 | James Woodforde |
| 释义 |
| name = The Revd. James Woodforde | image = Parson woodforde.jpg | caption = James Woodforde by his nephew Samuel | birth_date = 1740 | birth_place = Ansford, Somerset | death_date = 1803 | death_place = Weston Longville, Norfolk | nationality =English | known_for = Diarist | education = Winchester, Oriel & New College, Oxford | occupation = Clergyman | parents = Revd Samuel and Jane Woodforde }}James Woodforde (1740–1803) was an English clergyman, known as the author of The Diary of a Country Parson. The diary was published posthumously in the 20th century.[1] Early lifeJames Woodforde was born at the Parsonage, Ansford, Somerset, England on 27 June 1740. In adulthood he led an uneventful, unambitious life as a clergyman of the Church of England: a life unremarkable except that for nearly 45 years, he kept a diary recording the everyday routines and concerns of 18th-century rural England. A descendant of the noted 17th-century diarist, Robert Woodford of Northampton,[2] he was the sixth child of the Reverend Samuel Woodforde, rector of Ansford and vicar of Castle Cary, and his wife Jane Collins. James was one of four brothers (one of whom died in infancy) and the only one to attend public school – Winchester College, and university – Oxford. He was admitted to Winchester as a scholar in 1752 and enrolled at Oriel College, Oxford in 1758, migrating to New College in the following year. His diary begins with the entry for 21 July 1759: "Made a Scholar of New College".[3] Woodforde was ordained and graduated BA in 1763, became MA in 1767 and BD in 1775. He appears to have been a competent but uninspired student, and the portrait he provides of Oxford during his two periods of residence as scholar and fellow (1758–1763 and 1773–1776) only confirm Edward Gibbon's famously damning opinion that it was a place where the dons' "dull and deep potations excuse the brisk intemperance of youth".[4] The diary is a rich source of information on university life in 18th-century Oxford.[5] CareerUpon leaving the university in 1763, Woodforde returned to Somerset where he worked as a curate, mostly for his father, for ten years. From October 1763 to January 1764 he was the curate at Thurloxton.[6] This period of his life, under-represented in Beresford's abridged edition of the Diary, is thickly peopled with memorable characters from all strata of society, many of them immortalised with nicknames – Peter 'Cherry Ripe' Coles, 'Mumper' Clarke, 'Riddle' Tucker. The extended Woodforde family, including James's frequently drunken brothers, figure prominently in these Somerset years. On his father's death in 1771, James failed to succeed to his parishes, and likewise failed to win, or rather retain, the heart of Betsy White – "a mere Jilt". He returned to Oxford where he became sub-warden of his college and a pro-proctor of the university. He was unsuccessful in his application to become headmaster of Bedford School, but in 1773, he was presented to the living of Weston Longville in Norfolk, one of the best in the gift of the college, being worth £400 a year. He took up residence at Weston in May 1776. Despite the wrench of leaving family and friends, he quickly settled down to a comfortable bachelor existence. He thought Norwich "the fairest City in England by far"[7] and always enjoyed a trip to the "sweet beach" at Yarmouth.[8] He was soon joined by his niece Anna Maria (Nancy) as housekeeper and companion, who stayed with him until he died. She also was a diarist and correspondent.[9] In Norfolk, his social life was more limited, but he enjoyed the fellowship of the local clergy who took it in turns to entertain one another to dinner – "our Rotation Club".[10] Because he always recorded what was provided for dinner, which very occasionally was an elaborate banquet, he is often wrongly characterised as a glutton. Among the gentry in the 18th century, it was a matter of pride to provide a variety of dishes. Because Woodforde recorded them all, does not mean that he ate from them all. Allegedly advised to do so by his father, Woodforde also provides a meticulous record of his accounts. The daily entries are also accompanied by weather notes. The diary provides a wonderfully full account of the small community in which the diarist lived – of the births and deaths, comings and goings, illnesses and annual celebrations. The diary not only covers "the Squire and his Relations", but also the rector's servants, the farmers and labourers, carpenter and innkeeper, parish clerk and many others. As a churchman, Woodforde himself was conscientious by the standards of his time, charitable and pious without being sanctimonious and again typical of his day, deeply suspicious of enthusiasm. The value of the diary to the historian lies in the wealth of primary source material it provides, while the general reader can bring from it the authentic flavour of 18th-century English country life. A display about his life and writings is available in the Castle Cary and District Museum in Somerset. WritingsThe Revd James Woodforde was one of several Woodforde diarists. His niece Nancy, and his nephew Bill's three daughters all kept diaries, as did a number of his predecessors, for instance his great-great-grandfather Robert Woodford of Northampton (1606–1654). The five-volume edition of the diary has one flaw: it is only a selection, and, unaware of how popular it would prove — with Virginia Woolf, Max Beerbohm and Siegfried Sassoon among many thousands more – Beresford selected his first volume from nearly half of the entire Diary.[11] The subsequent volumes, each covering between four and six years, are more complete. A definitive edition has been published by the Parson Woodforde Society . The MS Diary, consisting of 72 notebooks and 100 loose sheets, is deposited in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Whilst Woodforde's sermon style has been described by a leading authority as "formal, competent, thorough and scholarly with a wide vocabulary",[12] his diary-writing style is simple, straightforward, informal and even homely. The following extracts give something of their flavour:
Simplified Woodforde family treeThis simplified tree is meant to help the reader of the Diary. It is mainly built up from the Brief Biographies added by D. Hughes at the end of his diary selection.[19] The artist Samuel Woodforde, one of James Woodforde's nephews, was a member of the Royal Academy. {{Hidden begin| titlestyle = background:LightBlue; text-align:center; |title=Simplified Woodforde family tree}}{{Tree list}}
A remarkably detailed account of the Woodforde family exists, and is now documented online.[20] See also
References1. ^John Beresford, ed., 5 vols. 1924–1931. 2. ^{{Cite book|last=Fielding|first=John|year=2012|title=The Diary of Robert Woodford, 1637–1641|location=Cambridge|publisher=Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge|page=10|ISBN=978-1-1070-3638-3}} 3. ^J. Beresford, The Diary of a Country Parson, Vol 1, p 11 4. ^Memoirs of my Life and Writings' from Lord Sheffield (ed.) Miscellaneous Works 5. ^G. Midgley, University Life in Eighteenth-Century Oxford, in which only Thomas Hearne's Collections, ed. C.E.Doble & H.E. Salter, 1885–1918, is more frequently quoted.' 6. ^{{cite book |title=Portrait of the Quantocks |last=Waite |first=Vincent |authorlink= |author2= |year=1964 |publisher=Robert Hale |location=London |isbn=0-7091-1158-4 |pages= }} 7. ^J. Beresford, ed., The Diary of a Country Parson, Vol. 1 – entry for 14 April 1775, p. 151. 8. ^J. Beresford (ed.), The Diary of a Country Parson, Vol 1 – entry for 27 April 1775, p. 153. 9. ^R. L. Winstanley, "Woodforde, James (1740–1803)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, UK: OUP, 2004 Retrieved 4 June 2017, pay-walled. 10. ^Many references to the Rotation Club, beginning with entry for 13 January 1776 – see R. L. Winstanley, ed., The Diary of James Woodforde, Vol 7, 1776–1777, p. 103. 11. ^See Virginia Woolf, The Common Reader, Second Series, Chapter 9: Two Parsons; R. L. Hart-Davis, ed., Siegfried Sassoon: Letters to Max Beerbohm, pp. 53–57. 12. ^E. Longmate, Woodforde's Sermons,, Parson Woodforde Society Journal, xxx, 4.' 13. ^R.L. Winstanley (ed.), The Diary of James Woodforde, Vol. 2 (1763–1765). 14. ^R.L. Winstanley (ed.), The Ansford Diary of James Woodforde, Vol. 4 (1769–1771). 15. ^R.L. Winstanley (ed.), The Oxford & Somerset Diary of James Woodforde (1774–1775). 16. ^R. L. Winstanley and Peter Jameson, eds., The Diary of James Woodforde, Vol. 8 (1778–1779). 17. ^R. L. Winstanley and Peter Jameson, eds., The Diary of James Woodforde, Vol.11, (1785–1787) 18. ^Peter Jameson, ed.,The Diary of James Woodforde, Vol. 14 (1794–1795). 19. ^Hughes (ed.), {{p.|435–445}}. 20. ^"Woodforde family information and website". Retrieved 19 July 2008 Sources{{refbegin}}
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