1. Janus kinases

2. Function
     Intestinal epithelial cells  

3. Signal transduction model

4. Disease relevance

5. Interactions

6. References

7. Further reading

8. External links

Janus kinases

Janus kinase 3 is a tyrosine kinase that belongs to the janus family of kinases. Other members of the Janus family include JAK1, JAK2 and TYK2. Janus kinases (JAKs) are relatively large kinases of approximately 1150 amino acids with apparent molecular weights of 120-130 kDa.^[3] They are cytosolic tyrosine kinases that are specifically associated with cytokine receptors. Since cytokine receptor proteins lack enzymatic activity, they are dependent upon JAKs to initiate signaling upon binding of their ligands (e.g. cytokines). The cytokine receptors can be divided into five major subgroups based on their different domains and activation motifs. JAK3 is required for signaling of the type I receptors that use the common gamma chain (γc).

Function

As JAK3 is expressed in hematopoietic and epithelial cells, its role in cytokine signaling is thought to be more restricted than other JAKs. It is most commonly expressed in T cells and NK cells,^[3] but has also been found in intestinal epithelial cells.^[4][5][6] JAK3 is involved in signal transduction by receptors that employ the common gamma chain (γc) of the type I cytokine receptor family (e.g. IL-2R, IL-4R, IL-7R, IL-9R, IL-15R, and IL-21R).^[7] Mutations that abrogate Janus kinase 3 function cause an autosomal SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency disease),^[8] while activating Janus kinase 3 mutations lead to the development of leukemia.^[11]

In addition to its well-known roles in T cells and NK cells, JAK3 has been found to mediate IL-8 stimulation in human neutrophils. IL-8 primarily functions to induce chemotaxis in neutrophils and lymphocytes, and JAK3 silencing severely inhibits IL-8-mediated chemotaxis.^[9]

Intestinal epithelial cells

Jak3 interacts with actin-binding protein villin, thereby facilitating cytoskeletal remodeling and mucosal wound repair.^[6] Structural determinants that regulate the interactions between Jak3 and cytoskeletal proteins of the villin / gelsolin family have also been characterized. Functional reconstitution of kinase activity by recombinant Jak3 using Jak3-wt or villin/gelsolin-wt as substrate showed that Jak3 autophosphorylation was the rate-limiting step during interactions between Jak3 and cytoskeletal proteins. Kinetic parameters showed that phosphorylated (P) Jak3 binds to P-villin with a dissociation constant (K_d) of 23 nM and a Hill's coefficient of 3.7. Pairwise binding between Jak3 mutants and villin showed that the FERM domain of Jak3 was sufficient for binding to P-villin with a K_d of 40.0 nM. However, the SH2 domain of Jak3 prevented P-villin from binding to the FERM domain of nonphosphorylated protein. The intramolecular interaction between the FERM and SH2 domains of nonphosphorylated Jak3 prevented Jak3 from binding to villin and tyrosine autophosphorylation of Jak3 at the SH2 domain decreased these intramolecular interactions and facilitated binding of the FERM domain to villin. These demonstrate the molecular mechanism of interactions between Jak3 and cytoskeletal proteins where tyrosine phosphorylation of the SH2 domain acted as an intramolecular switch for the interactions between Jak3 and cytoskeletal proteins.^[4]

Sustained damage to the mucosal lining in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) facilitates translocation of intestinal microbes to submucosal immune cells leading to chronic inflammation. IL-2 plays a role in intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) homeostasis through concentration-dependent regulation of IEC proliferation and cell death. Activation by IL-2 led to tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent interactions between Jak3 and p52ShcA only at lower concentrations. Higher concentrations of IL-2 decreased the phosphorylation of Jak3, disrupted its interactions with p52ShcA, redistributed Jak3 to the nucleus, and induced apoptosis in IEC. IL-2 also induced dose-dependent downregulation of jak3-mRNA. Constitutive overexpression and mir-shRNA-mediated knockdown studies showed that expression of Jak3 was necessary for IL-2-induced proliferation of IEC. Additionally, IL-2-induced downregulation of jak3-mRNA was responsible for higher IL-2-induced apoptosis in IEC. Thus IL-2-induced mucosal homeostasis through posttranslational and transcriptional regulation of Jak3.^[5]

Jak3 is also implicated in mucosal differentiation and predisposition to inflammatory bowel disease in mice model. These studies show that Jak3 is expressed in colonic mucosa of mice, and the loss of mucosal expression of Jak3 results in reduced expression of differentiation markers for the cells of both enterocytic and secretory lineages. Jak3 KO mice showed reduced expression of colonic villin, carbonic anhydrase, secretory mucin muc2, and increased basal colonic inflammation reflected by increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-17A in colon along with increased colonic myeloperoxidase activity. The inflammations in KO mice were associated with shortening of colon length, reduced cecum length, decreased crypt heights, and increased severity toward dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. In differentiated human colonic epithelial cells, Jak3 redistributed to basolateral surfaces and interacted with adherens junction (AJ) protein β-catenin. Jak3 expression in these cells was essential for AJ localization of β-catenin and maintenance of epithelial barrier functions. Collectively, these results demonstrate the essential role of Jak3 in the colon where it facilitated mucosal differentiation by promoting the expression of differentiation markers and enhanced colonic barrier functions through AJ localization of β-catenin.^[10]

Though constitutive activation of Janus kinase 3 (Jak3) leads to different cancers, the mechanism of trans-molecular regulation of Jak3 activation is only recently reported. This study showed that Jak3 auto-phosphorylation was the rate limiting step during Jak3 trans-phosphorylation of Shc where Jak3 directly phosphorylated (P) two tyrosine residues in SH-2-domain, and one tyrosine residue each in CH-1, and PID domains of Shc. Direct interactions between mutants of Jak3 and Shc showed that while FERM domain of Jak3 was sufficient for binding to Shc, CH-1 and PID domains of Shc were responsible for binding to Jak3. Functionally, Jak3 was auto-phosphorylated under IL-2 stimulation in epithelial cells. However, Shc recruited tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 and PTP-1B to Jak3 and thereby dephosphorylate Jak3. Thus the study not only characterized Jak3 interaction with Shc, but also demonstrated the mechanism of intracellular regulation of Jak3 activation where Jak3 interactions with Shc acted as a regulator of Jak3 dephosphorylation through direct interactions of Shc with both Jak3 and tyrosine phosphatases.^[11]

Chronic low-grade inflammation (CLGI) plays a key role in metabolic deterioration in the obese population. Jak3 expression and activation provide protection against development of CLGI and associated health complications. Studies in rodent model show that loss of Jak3 results in increased body weight, basal systemic CLGI, compromised glycemic homeostasis, hyperinsulinemia, and early symptoms of liver steatosis. Lack of Jak3 also results in exaggerated symptoms of metabolic syndrome by western high-fat diet. Mechanistically, it is shown that Jak3 is essential for reduced expression and activation of toll like receptors (TLRs) in murine intestinal mucosa and human intestinal epithelial cells where Jak3 interacted with and activated p85, the regulatory sub-unit of the PI3K, through tyrosine phosphorylation of adapter protein insulin receptor substrate (IRS1). These interactions resulted in activation of PI3K-Akt axis, which was essential for reduced TLR expression and TLR associated NF-κB activation. Overall, Jak3 plays an essential role in promoting mucosal tolerance through suppressed expression and limiting activation of TLRs thereby preventing intestinal and systemic CLGI and associated obesity and MetS.^[12]

Compromise in adherens junctions (AJs) is associated with several chronic inflammatory diseases. Functional characterization showed that Jak3 autophosphorylation was the rate-limiting step during Jak3 trans-phosphorylation of β-catenin, where Jak3 directly phosphorylated three tyrosine residues, viz. Tyr30, Tyr64, and Tyr86 in the N-terminal domain (NTD) of β-catenin. However, prior phosphorylation of β-catenin at Tyr654 was essential for further phosphorylation of β-catenin by Jak3. Interaction studies indicated that phosphorylated Jak3 bound to phosphorylated β-catenin with a dissociation constant of 0.28 μm, and although both the kinase and FERM (Band 4.1, ezrin, radixin, and moesin) domains of Jak3 interacted with β-catenin, the NTD domain of β-catenin facilitated its interactions with Jak3. Physiologically, Jak3-mediated phosphorylation of β-catenin suppressed EGF-mediated epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)and facilitated epithelial barrier functions by AJ localization of phosphorylated β-catenin through its interactions with α-catenin. Moreover, loss of Jak3-mediated phosphorylation sites in β-catenin abrogated its AJ localization and compromised epithelial barrier functions. Together, this study not only characterized Jak3 interaction with β-catenin but also demonstrated the mechanism of molecular interplay between AJ dynamics and EMT by Jak3-mediated NTD phosphorylation of β-catenin.^[13]

Signal transduction model

JAK3 is activated only by cytokines whose receptors contain the common gamma chain (γc) subunit: IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21. Cytokine binding induces the association of separate cytokine receptor subunits and the activation of the receptor-associated JAKs. In the absence of cytokine, JAKs lack protein tyrosine kinase activity. Once activated, the JAKs create docking sites for the STAT transcription factors by phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues on the cytokine receptor subunits. STATs (signal transduction and activators of transcription) are members of a family of transcription factors, and they have src homology 2 (SH2) domains that allow them to bind to these phosphorylated tyrosine residues. After undergoing JAK-mediated phosphorylation, the STAT transcription factors dimerize, translocate to the nucleus, bind DNA at specific elements and induce expression of specific genes.^[3] Cytokine receptors selectively activate particular JAK-STAT pathways to induce transcription of different genes. IL-2 and IL-4 activate JAK1, JAK3 and STAT5.^[14]

Disease relevance

JAK3 activating mutations are found in 16% of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) patients.^[15] In addition, oncogenic JAK3 mutations have been identified in acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia and natural killer T-cell lymphoma (NK/T-lymphoma). Most mutations are located in the pseudokinase and kinase domain of the JAK3 protein. Most JAK3 mutations are dependent on JAK1 kinase activity for their transforming capacities.^[16]

Inactivating mutations of JAK3 are known causes of immune deficiency.^[17] Mutations in the common gamma chain (γc) result in X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID). Since γc specifically associates with JAK3, mutations in JAK3 also result in SCID.^[18] Deficiency of JAK3 blocks signaling of the following cytokines and their effects:^[19]

• IL-2 - T cell proliferation and maintenance of peripheral tolerance
• IL-4 - differentiation of Th2 cells
• IL-7 - thymocyte development in the thymus
• IL-9 - survival signal for various hematopoietic cells
• IL-15 - NK cell development
• IL-21 - regulation of immunoglobulin class switching in B cells

Overall, JAK3 deficiency results in the phenotype of SCID characterized by T⁻B⁺NK⁻, which indicates the absence of T cells and NK cells.^[20] Although B cells are present, they are non-functional due to defective B cell activation and impaired antibody class switching.

Since JAK3 is required for immune cell development, targeting JAK3 could be a useful strategy to generate a novel class of immunosuppressant drugs. Moreover, unlike other JAKs, JAK3 is primarily expressed in hematopoietic cells, so a highly specific JAK3 inhibitor should have precise effects on immune cells and minimal pleiotropic defects.^[19] The selectivity of a JAK3 inhibitor would also have advantages over the current widely used immunosuppressant drugs, which have abundant targets and diverse side effects. A JAK3 inhibitor could be useful for treating autoimmune diseases, especially those in which a particular cytokine receptor has a direct role on disease pathogenesis. For example, signaling through the IL-15 receptor is known to be important in the development rheumatoid arthritis,^[21] and the receptors for IL-4 and IL-9 play roles in the development of allergic responses.^[22]

A selective JAK3 inhibitor, designated CP-690550, has been developed and shown promise in clinical trials. This drug has nanomolar potency against JAK3 and was shown to be effective in preventing transplant rejection in a nonhuman primate renal transplant model.^[19] CP-690550 also demonstrated immunosuppressive activity in phase I and II clinical trials of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and organ transplant rejection.^[23] CP-690550 (Tofacitinib) is currently being market by Pfizer as Xeljanz for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.^[24]

Interactions

Janus kinase 3 has been shown to interact with CD247,^[25] TIAF1^[26] and IL2RG.^[27][28]

References

Further reading

• {{cite journal | vauthors = Notarangelo LD, Mella P, Jones A, de Saint Basile G, Savoldi G, Cranston T, Vihinen M, Schumacher RF | title = Mutations in severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) due to JAK3 deficiency | journal = Human Mutation | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 255–63 | date = October 2001 | pmid = 11668610 | doi = 10.1002/humu.1188 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Russell SM, Tayebi N, Nakajima H, Riedy MC, Roberts JL, Aman MJ, Migone TS, Noguchi M, Markert ML, Buckley RH, O'Shea JJ, Leonard WJ | title = Mutation of Jak3 in a patient with SCID: essential role of Jak3 in lymphoid development | journal = Science | volume = 270 | issue = 5237 | pages = 797–800 | date = November 1995 | pmid = 7481768 | doi = 10.1126/science.270.5237.797 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Johnston JA, Wang LM, Hanson EP, Sun XJ, White MF, Oakes SA, Pierce JH, O'Shea JJ | title = Interleukins 2, 4, 7, and 15 stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 in T cells. Potential role of JAK kinases | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 270 | issue = 48 | pages = 28527–30 | date = December 1995 | pmid = 7499365 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.48.28527 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Musso T, Johnston JA, Linnekin D, Varesio L, Rowe TK, O'Shea JJ, McVicar DW | title = Regulation of JAK3 expression in human monocytes: phosphorylation in response to interleukins 2, 4, and 7 | journal = The Journal of Experimental Medicine | volume = 181 | issue = 4 | pages = 1425–31 | date = April 1995 | pmid = 7535338 | pmc = 2191962 | doi = 10.1084/jem.181.4.1425 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Rolling C, Treton D, Beckmann P, Galanaud P, Richard Y | title = JAK3 associates with the human interleukin 4 receptor and is tyrosine phosphorylated following receptor triggering | journal = Oncogene | volume = 10 | issue = 9 | pages = 1757–61 | date = May 1995 | pmid = 7538655 | doi = }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Lai KS, Jin Y, Graham DK, Witthuhn BA, Ihle JN, Liu ET | title = A kinase-deficient splice variant of the human JAK3 is expressed in hematopoietic and epithelial cancer cells | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 270 | issue = 42 | pages = 25028–36 | date = October 1995 | pmid = 7559633 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.42.25028 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Macchi P, Villa A, Giliani S, Sacco MG, Frattini A, Porta F, Ugazio AG, Johnston JA, Candotti F, O'Shea JJ | title = Mutations of Jak-3 gene in patients with autosomal severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) | journal = Nature | volume = 377 | issue = 6544 | pages = 65–8 | date = September 1995 | pmid = 7659163 | doi = 10.1038/377065a0 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Russell SM, Johnston JA, Noguchi M, Kawamura M, Bacon CM, Friedmann M, Berg M, McVicar DW, Witthuhn BA, Silvennoinen O | title = Interaction of IL-2R beta and gamma c chains with Jak1 and Jak3: implications for XSCID and XCID | journal = Science | volume = 266 | issue = 5187 | pages = 1042–5 | date = November 1994 | pmid = 7973658 | doi = 10.1126/science.7973658 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Miyazaki T, Kawahara A, Fujii H, Nakagawa Y, Minami Y, Liu ZJ, Oishi I, Silvennoinen O, Witthuhn BA, Ihle JN | title = Functional activation of Jak1 and Jak3 by selective association with IL-2 receptor subunits | journal = Science | volume = 266 | issue = 5187 | pages = 1045–7 | date = November 1994 | pmid = 7973659 | doi = 10.1126/science.7973659 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Johnston JA, Kawamura M, Kirken RA, Chen YQ, Blake TB, Shibuya K, Ortaldo JR, McVicar DW, O'Shea JJ | title = Phosphorylation and activation of the Jak-3 Janus kinase in response to interleukin-2 | journal = Nature | volume = 370 | issue = 6485 | pages = 151–3 | date = July 1994 | pmid = 8022485 | doi = 10.1038/370151a0 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Witthuhn BA, Silvennoinen O, Miura O, Lai KS, Cwik C, Liu ET, Ihle JN | title = Involvement of the Jak-3 Janus kinase in signalling by interleukins 2 and 4 in lymphoid and myeloid cells | journal = Nature | volume = 370 | issue = 6485 | pages = 153–7 | date = July 1994 | pmid = 8022486 | doi = 10.1038/370153a0 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Kawamura M, McVicar DW, Johnston JA, Blake TB, Chen YQ, Lal BK, Lloyd AR, Kelvin DJ, Staples JE, Ortaldo JR | title = Molecular cloning of L-JAK, a Janus family protein-tyrosine kinase expressed in natural killer cells and activated leukocytes | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 91 | issue = 14 | pages = 6374–8 | date = July 1994 | pmid = 8022790 | pmc = 44204 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.91.14.6374 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Verbsky JW, Bach EA, Fang YF, Yang L, Randolph DA, Fields LE | title = Expression of Janus kinase 3 in human endothelial and other non-lymphoid and non-myeloid cells | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 271 | issue = 24 | pages = 13976–80 | date = June 1996 | pmid = 8662778 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.271.24.13976 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Fusaki N, Iwamatsu A, Iwashima M, Fujisawa JI | title = Interaction between Sam68 and Src family tyrosine kinases, Fyn and Lck, in T cell receptor signaling | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 272 | issue = 10 | pages = 6214–9 | date = March 1997 | pmid = 9045636 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.272.10.6214 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Fujitani Y, Hibi M, Fukada T, Takahashi-Tezuka M, Yoshida H, Yamaguchi T, Sugiyama K, Yamanaka Y, Nakajima K, Hirano T | title = An alternative pathway for STAT activation that is mediated by the direct interaction between JAK and STAT | journal = Oncogene | volume = 14 | issue = 7 | pages = 751–61 | date = February 1997 | pmid = 9047382 | doi = 10.1038/sj.onc.1200907 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Safford MG, Levenstein M, Tsifrina E, Amin S, Hawkins AL, Griffin CA, Civin CI, Small D | title = JAK3: expression and mapping to chromosome 19p12-13.1 | journal = Experimental Hematology | volume = 25 | issue = 5 | pages = 374–86 | date = May 1997 | pmid = 9168059 | doi = }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Sharfe N, Dadi HK, O'Shea JJ, Roifman CM | title = Jak3 activation in human lymphocyte precursor cells | journal = Clinical and Experimental Immunology | volume = 108 | issue = 3 | pages = 552–6 | date = June 1997 | pmid = 9182906 | pmc = 1904698 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1997.4001304.x }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Candotti F, Oakes SA, Johnston JA, Giliani S, Schumacher RF, Mella P, Fiorini M, Ugazio AG, Badolato R, Notarangelo LD, Bozzi F, Macchi P, Strina D, Vezzoni P, Blaese RM, O'Shea JJ, Villa A | title = Structural and functional basis for JAK3-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency | journal = Blood | volume = 90 | issue = 10 | pages = 3996–4003 | date = November 1997 | pmid = 9354668 | doi = }}

External links

• {{MeshName|Janus+Kinase+3}}

• Spring Hill Methodist Protestant Church Cemetery
• Springhill Mine bump
• Spring Hill, Mobile
• Spring Hill (Mobile, Alabama)
• Springhill, Montana
• Spring Hill, New South Wales (Wollongong)
• Spring Hill, Pike County, Alabama
• Spring Hill (Providence Forge, Virginia)
• Spring Hill (Raleigh, North Carolina)
• Spring Hill Ranch
• Spring Hill Reservoirs
• Spring Hill Reservoirs, Brisbane
• Spring Hills, Alberta
• Spring Hill School District
• Spring Hill School District (Arkansas)
• Spring Hill School District (disambiguation)
• Spring Hill, Tenn.
• Spring Hill Township
• Springhill Township
• Spring Hill Township, Johnson County, Kansas
• Spring Hill, Walker County, Alabama
• Spring Hill (WMATA station)
• Springholm
• Spring Hope Historic District
• Spring horizon