1. Incident

2. Cause of accident
     The "Asoh defense"  

3. Aftermath
    Aircraft later history 

4. See also

5. References

6. External links

Japan Airlines Flight 2 was a flight piloted by Captain Kohei Asoh on November 22, 1968.^[1] The plane was a new Douglas DC-8 named "Shiga", flying from Tokyo International Airport (Haneda) to San Francisco International Airport. Due to heavy fog and other factors, Asoh mistakenly landed the plane near Coyote Point in the shallow waters of San Francisco Bay, two and a half miles short of the runway.^[2][3] None of the 96 passengers or 11 crew were injured in the landing.

Incident

An early report from the Coast Guard stated the aircraft came to rest upside down.^[4] In fact, the plane came to rest on the Bay floor in shallow water approximately {{convert|7|ft}} deep,^[5] leaving the forward exits above the waterline.^[3] The chief purser, Kazuo Hashimoto, felt there was no panic amongst passengers after landing, and tried to make an announcement with the public address (PA) system. Since the PA system had failed after the landing, he ended up shouting from the forward cabin for passengers to "Be quiet, the plane has reached the bottom of the sea. It will not sink. Do not worry, we are well-fixed for evacuation."^[5] The passengers and crew all evacuated the plane on lifeboats, which were towed by police and Coast Guard boats to the nearby Coyote Point Yacht Harbor. Captain Asoh was the last to leave.^[6] Asoh would return to the plane after ensuring everyone was safely ashore to gather and return the passengers' personal belongings.^[5]

After the incident, the US National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) stated it was the first successful ditching of a jetliner since the inauguration of jet service. The landing may have been assisted by the unusually high tide of {{convert|7|ft}}, compared with the typical water level of {{convert|4|ft}}, leading South San Francisco fire chief John Marchi to declare the ditching "a one-in-a-million shot" as the increased depth gave sufficient cushioning while being shallow enough that exit doors would remain above the water.^[7]

Cause of accident

Captain Asoh was a veteran pilot who had flown with Japan Airlines for 14 years in 1968, with roughly 10,000 hours of flight time,^[6] 1,000 of them on DC-8s. During World War II he served as a flight instructor for the Japanese military.^[1] His first officer, Captain Joseph Hazen, had similar flight time, but little DC-8 experience. Captain Asoh attempted an automatic-coupled Instrument Landing System (ILS) approach, something neither of them had done before on a recorded DC-8 flight.

The cloud ceiling was 300 feet, with visibility of 3/4 of a mile, and there was little contrast between the sky and the calm waters of the bay. As a result, once the plane descended below the clouds, the mistake was not recognized in time to correct it before hitting the water. Captain Asoh stated that he realized the plane was too low once he spotted the water after the plane broke through the fog at an altitude of {{convert|211|ft}} with an air speed of {{convert|177|mi/hour|km/hour|abbr=on}}. He grabbed the control stick to gain altitude, but the plane had already struck the water.^[6]

Captain Asoh stated (through a translator) that "the plane was fully automatic" and he couldn't "say what was wrong [to cause the water landing]" because he had been in contact with the control tower during the entire approach and was never informed he had deviated from the flight path.^[6]

The NTSB review of the incident found that:^[3]

The probable cause of this accident was the improper application of the prescribed procedures to execute an automatic-coupled ILS approach. This deviation from the prescribed procedures was, in part, due to a lack of familiarization and infrequent operation of the installed flight director and autopilot system.

The "Asoh defense"

Asoh, when asked by the NTSB about the landing, reportedly replied, "As you Americans say, I fucked up."^[1] In his 1988 book The Abilene Paradox, author Jerry B. Harvey termed this frank acceptance of blame the "Asoh defense",^[8] and the story and term have been taken up by a number of other management theorists.^[9]

Aftermath

The aircraft was not severely damaged and was recovered 55 hours after the incident^[10][11] at high tide, after several failed earlier attempts to hoist it out of the water.^[12] After being sprayed down with {{convert|20000|gal}} of fresh water, it was transported to the airport on a {{convert|150|ft|adj=on}} barge.^[13] External damage appeared to be limited to one wheel in the right-hand landing gear, which had detached during the water landing.^[11] Further inspections revealed only slight structural damage, with repairs estimated to take less than six months.^[14]

United Airlines refurbished the aircraft for service at their maintenance base at the airport, at a cost of roughly {{US$|4000000|1969|round=-4}}.^[25][26] The aircraft was returned to JAL on March 31, 1969,^[10] and underwent a successful test flight on April 11, 1969 from San Francisco to Honolulu.^[15] It was later renamed "Hidaka" and continued in service to JAL until 1983.

Asoh was temporarily barred from passenger planes,^[16] demoted to First Officer, went through further ground training,^[15] and continued to fly for JAL until his retirement. Hazen also returned to flying a few months later.

By 1973 Japan Airlines was using Boeing 747 aircraft on the Tokyo to San Francisco route.^[17] Today, Japan Airlines still operates a route named Flight 2 (JAL002) from Haneda to San Francisco, currently using the Boeing 777-300ER.^[18]

Aircraft later history

JA8032 was sold to Air ABC (registration TF-BBF), then to Okada Air (registration 5N-AON), and finally flew as an express freighter for Airborne Express (registration {{Airreg|N|808AX}}) before being decommissioned and scrapped at Wilmington Air Park (ILN) in December 2001.^[1]

See also

• Japan Airlines Flight 350 – a DC-8 which ditched in Tokyo Bay short of Haneda in 1982
• Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 933 – a DC-8 which ditched in Santa Monica Bay short of LAX in 1969

References

External links

• {{cite web |url=http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR70-02.pdf |title=Final NTSB accident report |format=PDF |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6SSlYNOpJ?url=http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR70-02.pdf |archivedate=9 September 2014 |deadurl=yes |date=1969 |author= |website=Air Disaster |accessdate=12 October 2016 |df= }}
• Photograph in Flight International, Dec 5, 1968, showing the aircraft being lifted out of the water
• Smooth Landings and Stupid Travel News

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