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词条 Japanese particles
释义

  1. Orthography and diction

  2. Types of particles

      {{nihongo|Case markers|格助詞|kaku-joshi}}    {{nihongo|Parallel markers|並立助詞|heiritsu-joshi}}    {{nihongo|Sentence ending particles|終助詞|shū-joshi}}    {{nihongo|Interjectory particles|間投助詞|kantō-joshi}}    {{nihongo|Adverbial particles|副助詞|fuku-joshi}}    {{nihongo|Binding particles|係助詞|kakari-joshi}}    {{Anchor|ba|te}}{{nihongo|Conjunctive particles|接続助詞|setsuzoku-joshi}}   {{nihongo|Phrasal particles|準体助詞|juntai-joshi}}  

  3. List of particles

     Index  Meaning and usage 

  4. Contrast

     は wa and が ga  に ni and で de   に ni and へ e   が ga and を o  に ni and と to  や ya and と to   Historical particles  

  5. Differences from English prepositions

  6. See also

  7. Notes

  8. References

{{Use American English|date = February 2019}}{{Short description|Grammar feature}}{{Use mdy dates|date = February 2019}}{{more footnotes|date=June 2008}}

Japanese particles, {{nihongo|2=助詞|3=joshi}} or {{nihongo|2=てにをは|3=tenioha}}, are suffixes or short words in Japanese grammar that immediately follow the modified noun, verb, adjective, or sentence. Their grammatical range can indicate various meanings and functions, such as speaker affect and assertiveness.

Orthography and diction

Japanese particles are written in hiragana in modern Japanese, though some of them also have kanji forms ({{lang|ja|弖}} or {{lang|ja|天}} for te {{lang|ja|て}}; {{lang|ja|爾}} for ni {{lang|ja|に}}; {{lang|ja|乎}} or {{lang|ja|遠}} for o {{lang|ja|を}}; and {{lang|ja|波}} for wa {{lang|ja|は}}). Particles follow the same rules of phonetic transcription as all Japanese words, with the exception of {{lang|ja|は}} (written ha, pronounced wa as a particle), {{lang|ja|へ}} (written he, pronounced e) and {{lang|ja|を}} (written using a hiragana character with no other use in modern Japanese, originally assigned as wo, now usually pronounced o, though some speakers render it as wo). These exceptions are a relic of historical kana usage.

Types of particles

There are eight types of particles, depending on what function they serve.

{{nihongo|Case markers|格助詞|kaku-joshi}}

{{lang|ja|が, の, を, に, へ, と, で, から, より}}

ga, no, wo,{{Efn|name=a}} ni, he,{{Efn|name=c}} to, de, kara, yori

{{nihongo|Parallel markers|並立助詞|heiritsu-joshi}}

{{lang|ja|か, の, や, に, と, やら, なり, だの}}

ka, no, ya, ni, to, yara, nari, dano

{{nihongo|Sentence ending particles|終助詞|shū-joshi}}

{{lang|ja|か, の, や, な, わ, とも, かしら}}

ka, no, ya, na, wa, tomo, kashira

{{nihongo|Interjectory particles|間投助詞|kantō-joshi}}

{{lang|ja|さ, よ, ね}}

sa, yo, ne

{{nihongo|Adverbial particles|副助詞|fuku-joshi}}

{{lang|ja|ばかり, まで, だけ, ほど, くらい, など, なり, やら}}

bakari, made, dake, hodo, kurai, nado, nari, yara

{{nihongo|Binding particles|係助詞|kakari-joshi}}

{{lang|ja|は, も, こそ, でも, しか, さえ, だに}}

wa{{Efn|name=b}}, mo, koso, demo, shika, sae, dani

{{Anchor|ba|te}}{{nihongo|Conjunctive particles|接続助詞|setsuzoku-joshi}}

{{lang|ja|ば, や, が, て, のに, ので, から, ところが, けれども}}

ba, ya, ga, te, noni, node, kara, tokoroga, keredomo

{{nihongo|Phrasal particles|準体助詞|juntai-joshi}}

{{lang|ja|の, から}}

no, kara

Note that some particles appear in two types. For example, kara is a "case marker" where it describes where something is from or what happens after something; when it describes a cause it is a "conjunctive particle".

{{Notelist|refs=
 {{Efn|name=a|{{Lang|ja|を}} ''wo'' is usually pronounced ''o'' ({{IPA-ja|o|}}). See #Orthography and diction.}} {{Efn|name=b|{{Lang|ja|は}} ''ha'' is pronounced ''wa'' ({{IPA-ja|ɰa|}}) when used as a particle. See #Orthography and diction.}} {{Efn|name=c|{{Lang|ja|へ}} ''he'' is pronounced ''e'' ({{IPA-ja|e|}}) when used as a particle. See #Orthography and diction.}}

}}

List of particles

Index

{{Div col|colwidth=10em}}
  • bakari
  • bakari ka
  • bakashi
  • dake
  • da no
  • de
  • de mo
  • dokoro ka
  • e
  • ga
  • hodo
  • ka
  • kai
  • ka na
  • kara
  • ka shira
  • kedo
  • kiri
  • kke
  • koro/goro
  • koso
  • kurai/gurai
  • made
  • made ni
  • me
  • mo
  • mono/mon
  • mono de
  • mono ka/mon-ka
  • mono nara
  • mono o
  • na and naa
  • nado
  • nanka/nante
  • nara
  • ne
  • ni
  • ni te
  • ni wa
  • no
  • no de
  • nomi
  • no ni
  • o
  • sa/saa
  • sae
  • de sae
  • sae...ba/ra
  • shi
  • shika
  • sura
  • to
  • to ka
  • to mo
  • tte
  • tteba
  • wa
  • ya
  • yara
  • yo
  • yori
  • ze
  • zo
  • zutsu
{{div col end}}

Meaning and usage

{{Japanese particle|begin}}{{japanese particle|head
| particle=bakari
| joshi=ばかり (許り)
| joshi-link =ばかり
| info=Translates to: "just, only, full of"
Colloquially: ばっかり bakkari, ばっか bakka
}}{{japanese particle
| element=Noun
| example=Tōkyō wa hito bakari da.
| rei=東京は人ばかりだ。
| translation=Tokyo is just full of people.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element=Verbs (ta form)
| example=Tabeta bakari da.
| rei=食べたばかりだ。
| translation=I just ate.
}}{{japanese particle
| element=Verb (te form)
| example=Kare wa tabete bakari iru
| rei=彼は食べてばかりいる。
| translation=He's always eating.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =bakari ka
| joshi =ばかりか (許りか)
| joshi-link =ばかりか
| info = Translates to: "not only".
Accompanied by さえ sae ("but also") indicates something unusual or unexpected.
Etymology: bakari + ka
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns
| example = Sofu bakari ka, sōsofu sae ikite ru.
| rei = 祖父ばかりか、曽祖父さえ生きてる。
| translation=Not only is my grandfather living, but so is my great-grandfather.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle = bakashi
| joshi = ばかし (許し)
| joshi-link = ばかし
| info = bakashi is another form of bakari.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =dake
| joshi =だけ (丈)
| joshi-link =だけ
| info = Translates to: "only"; limit.
Dake functions as a noun.
Kanji form 丈 is less commonly used.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns
| example = rōmaji dake no jisho
| rei = ローマ字だけの辞書
| translation = a rōmaji-only dictionary
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Verbs (volitional)
| example = Netai dake nereba ii.
| rei = 寝たいだけ寝ればいい。
| translation=You can sleep as much as you want [to sleep].
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =da no
| joshi =だの
| info = Translates to: "and, things like".
Etymology: da (copula) + no.
This particle is used far less frequently than to ka.
Often has negative connotations.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns, adjectives, verbs
| example = Nattō da no, shīfūdo da no, wasabi da no—nihonshoku ga nigate da.
| rei = 納豆だの、シーフードだの、わさびだの—日本食が苦手だ。
| translation= Natto, seafood, wasabi—Japanese food isn't my thing.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =de
| joshi =で
| info = Etymology: Originally an alteration of ni te, later treated as a conjugation of the copula da. de can be used as "at" or "by means of". When serving as the continuative TE form of a subordinate clause, de substitutes for da/desu, carries the meaning "is, and so...", and takes on the tense of the final verb of the sentence.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns: instrument
| example = Jitensha de ikimashō.
| rei = 自転車で行きましょう。
| translation= Let's go by bicycle.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns: location
| example = Koko de yasumitai.
| rei = ここで休みたい。
| translation= I want to rest here.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns: language
| example = Nihongo de tegami o kaita.
| rei = 日本語で手紙を書いた。
| translation= I wrote the letter in Japanese.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = TE form of copula: "is, and so..."
| example = kimi ga suki de yokatta
| rei = 君 が 好き で よかった。
| translation= You are loved (and so) I am glad. / I am glad that I love you.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =de mo
| joshi =でも
| info = Translates to: "even; or; but, however; also in"
Etymology: de + mo
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns, particles: "even"
| example = Uchū kara de mo Banri-no-Chōjō ga mieru.
| rei = 宇宙からでも万里の長城が見える。
| translation= Even from space you can see the Great Wall of China.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Noun: "or something"
| example = Ocha de mo, ikaga?
| rei = お茶でも、いかが？
| translation= Would you like tea or something?
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Noun: "also in"
| example = Nihon de mo eigo o benkyō suru
| rei = 日本でも英語を勉強する。
| translation= In Japan also, we study English.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Beginning of phrase: "but, however, even so"
| example = De mo, watashi wa sō omowanai
| rei = でも、私はそう思わない。
| translation= But I don't think so.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =dokoro ka
| joshi =どころか (所か)
| joshi-link =所か
| info = Translates to: "anything but, far from"
Etymology: dokoro (tokoro: place) + ka
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns
| example = Kare wa keisatsukan dokoro ka, hanzaisha da.
| rei = 彼は警察官どころか、犯罪者だ。
| translation= He's anything but a policeman; he's a criminal.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =e
| joshi =へ
| info = Translates to: "to, in"; direction
E is written with へ rather than え, reflecting old kana usage.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns: direction
| example = Nihon e yōkoso!
| rei = 日本へようこそ！
| translation= Welcome to Japan!
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =ga
| joshi =が
| info = Functions as: identifier (identifies something unspecified), conjunction ("but"). Not to be confused with the particle は.Ga (が or ヶ): Historical possessive used to connect nouns, most often seen in place names as ヶ
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns: Subject Marker (answers a silent or asked question)
| example = Neko ga esa o tabeta.
| rei = 猫が餌を食べた。
| translation = The cat ate the catfood. [Answers: "What ate the catfood?"]
| example2= Inu ga suki.
| rei2 = 犬が好き。
| translation2= I like dogs. [Answers: What do you like?]
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Noun: noun connector
| example = wa ga kuni
| rei = 我が国
| translation = my/our [collective] country
| example2= Fujimi ga Oka
| rei2 = 富士見が丘
| translation2= Fuji View Hill
| example3= Seki ga hara
| rei3 = 関が原
| translation3= Gateway Plains (site of the Battle of Sekigahara)
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Phrases: conjunction (but...)
| example = Inu wa suki da ga, neko wa kirai da.
| rei = 犬は好きだが、猫は嫌いだ。
| translation= I like dogs but I hate cats.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =hodo
| joshi =ほど (程)
| joshi-link =程
| info = Translates to: "as much as"; upper limit
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns
| example = Kare hodo nihongo ga umakunai.
| rei = 彼ほど日本語がうまくない。
| translation= My Japanese isn't as good as his.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Adjectives*
| example = Hayai hodo ii.
| rei = 早いほどいい。
| translation = The sooner, the better.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Verb
| example = Aitsu o koroshitai hodo kirai da.
| rei = あいつを殺したいほど嫌いだ。
| translation= I hate him enough to want to kill him.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =ka
| joshi =か
| info = Functions as: question denominator, alternative item conjunction, quotation expressing doubt; "whether", especially when used with dō ka ("or not").
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns, verbs: listing alternatives
| example = Kore ka, sore ka, dotchika erande yo.
| rei = これか、それか、どっちか選んでよ。
| translation= This or that, choose one of them.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Noun, verbs: "whether (or not)"
| example = Iku ka [dō ka] wakaranai.
| rei = 行くか（どうか）分からない。
| translation= I don't know [whether or not / if] he'll go.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Adverbs (interrogative): uncertainty
| example = Dokoka de mita koto ga aru.
| rei = どっかで見たことがある。
| translation= I think I've seen you somewhere before. (You look familiar)
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Phrases: question (formal)
| example = Wakaru ka?
| rei = 分かりますか？
| translation = Do you understand? (formal)
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Phrases: question, rhetorical
| example = Eigo nante wakaru ka!
| rei = 英語なんて分かりますか!
| translation = Why the heck would I understand English? (formal)
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Phrases: question, invitation
| example = Sate, dekake yō ka?
| rei = さて、出かけようか？
| translation = Right then, shall we leave?
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Phrase: quotation expressing doubt
| example = Iku ka to omoimasu ga...
| rei = 行くかと思いますが。。。
| translation = I think he'll go (but I'm not sure)...
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =kai
| joshi = かい
| info = kai is a gentler and masculine variant of the question marker ka.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =ka na
| joshi =かな
| info = Translates to: "I wonder" (Note: "Ka na" implies having mostly made up one's mind. Drawing out the "na" [ka naa] implies less certainty.)

Etymology: ka + na


}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Phrases
| example = Kare wa ayashii hito ka na.
| rei = 彼は怪しい人かな。
| translation= I wonder if he's a suspicious person.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =kara
| joshi =から
| info = Translates to: "from, after, because"
Kara may be followed by no to link two nouns.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns: "from, out of"
| example = Tōkyō kara kaetta.
| rei = 東京から帰った。
| translation = He returned from Tokyo.
| example2= zutto mae kara no hanashi
| rei2 = ずっと前からの話
| translation2= a conversation from way back
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Verb (te form): "after"
| example = Owatte kara, kite kudasai.
| rei = 終わってから、来てください。
| translation= Please come by after finishing (after you've finished).
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Adjectives, Verbs: "because"
| example = Niku o tabenai kara, raamen wa dame da
| rei = 肉を食べないから、ラーメンはだめだ。
| translation = Because he doesn't eat meat, ramen is bad (a bad idea).
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =ka shira
| joshi =かしら
| info = Ka shira is like ka na, but is used more by women. See also Gender differences in spoken Japanese.

Etymology: ka + shira, the irrealis form (i.e. negative form minus the -nai) of shiru "to know"


}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Phrases
| example = Kare wa ayashii hito ka shira.
| rei = 彼は怪しい人かしら。
| translation= I wonder if he's a suspicious person.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =kedo
| joshi =けど
| info = Translates to: "although, but"
Etymology: kedo is a shortened version of formal keredomo. It also appears semi-abbreviated and semi-formally as keredo or kedomo.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Adjectives, verbs
| example = Kanojo wa hen da kedo kirei da.
| rei = 彼女は変だけどきれいだ。
| translation= She is strange but pretty
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =kiri
| joshi-link =切り
| joshi=きり (切り)
| info = Translates to: "just, only"
Kiri is more rarely used than dake, functions as a noun and may be followed by no.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns
| example = futari kiri no o-mise
| rei = 二人きりのお店
| translation= a shop with just two people [who work there]
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =kke
| joshi =っけ
| info = Translates to: "Similar to ka but recalling for the information what you used to know."
Etymology: kke origins from the auxiliary verb of Old Japanese "keri".
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns
| example = Nani wo iou to shiteta no da kke
| rei = 何を言おうとしてたんだっけ
| translation= What we're you trying to say, again?
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =koro/goro
| joshi-link =頃
| joshi=ごろ (頃)
| info = Translates to: "around, about, approximately"
Koro functions as a noun and may be followed by no.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns
| example = San-ji goro ni aimashō.
| rei = 三時ごろに会いましょう。
| translation= Let's meet around 3 o'clock.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =koso
| joshi =こそ
| info = Functions as: Emphasis marker.

There is no direct translation, but roughly analogous to "precisely" or "exactly", as in examples below.


}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Phrases
| example = Kyō koso, yaru zo!
| rei = 今日こそ、やるぞ！
| translation = Today, I'm going to do it!
| example2= Kimi ga suki da kara koso kore dake ganbatte iru n da yo.
| rei2 = 君が好きだからこそこれだけがんばっているんだよ。
| translation2= It's precisely because I like you that I'm working this hard.
| example3= Kochira koso, yoroshiku onegai shimasu.
| rei3 = こっちこそ、よろしくお願いします。
| translation3= Nice to meet you, too. (Emphasizes this side or me too)
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =kurai/gurai
| joshi-link =位
| joshi=くらい・ぐらい (位)
| info = Translates to: "about, approximately"
Kurai functions as a noun and may be followed by no.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns
| example = Juppun kurai kakaru
| rei = 十分くらいかかる。
| translation= It takes about 10 minutes.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =made
| joshi-link =まで
| joshi=まで (迄)
| info = Translates to: "up to, until, as far as"
Indicates a time or place as a limit.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns (specifically places or times)
| example = Kono densha wa, Shimonoseki made ikimasu.
| rei = この電車は、下関まで行きます。
| translation= This train goes as far as Shimonoseki.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Verb
| example = Kaeru made matte ru.
| rei = 帰るまで待ってる。
| translation= I'll wait until you come home.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =made ni
| joshi-link =までに
| joshi=までに (迄に)
| info = Translates to: "by (a certain time)"

Etymology: made + ni


}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns, verbs
| example = Ku-ji made ni kaeru.
| rei = 九時までに帰る。
| translation= I'll come back by nine o'clock.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =me
| joshi-link =目
| joshi=め (目)
| info = me (目 only): ordinal particle
me (め only): "Damn..."; abusive/pejorative
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Classifier nouns: ordinal
| example = Amerika wa nikai me desu.
| rei = アメリカは二回目です。
| translation= This is my second time to America.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Noun: abusive "damn..."
| example = Orokamono me!
| rei = 愚か者め！
| translation= [You] damn fool!
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =mo
| joshi =も（亦）
| info = Translates to: "also"
Mo always replaces wa and ga, but may follow other particles.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns, phrases
| example = Watashi ni mo kureta.
| rei = 私にもくれた。
| translation= She gave some to me, too.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =mono/mon
| joshi =もの・もん
| joshi-link =もの
| info = Verb + mono (物) : creates a noun from the verb (only applies to certain verbs)
もの/もん at the end of a sentence: casual feminine sentence ender like の; もん is very feminine and a bit cheeky.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = With verbs
| example = Nomimono
| rei = 飲み物
| translation = Drink
| example2= Tabemono
| rei2 = 食べ物
| translation2= Food
| example3= Ikimono
| rei3 = 生き物
| translation3= Living thing
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = At the end of a sentence
| example = "Doushite konakatta no?" "Jugyō ga attanda mono."
| rei = 「どうしてこなかったの？」「授業があったんだもの。」
| example2= "Doushite konakatta no?" "Jugyō ga attanda mon."
| rei2 = 「どうしてこなかったの？」「授業があったんだもん。」
| translation = "Why didn't you come?" "I had class."
| translation2= "Why didn't you come?" "I had class, hah."
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle = mono de
| joshi = もので
| info = Similar meaning as ので.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle = mono ka/mon-ka
| joshi = ものか/もんか
| info = Put at the end of sentences to strongly decline. (More gently : もの/もんですか)
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = At the end of sentences
| example = Makeru-monka!
| rei = 負けるもんか!
| translation= I will not surrender!
| example2= Dare ga anna tokoro-ni nido to iku-mondesuka!
| rei2 = 誰があんなところに二度と行くもんですか!
| translation2=Who would dare to go to a place like that for a second time!?
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle = mono nara
| joshi = ものなら (物なら)
| joshi-link = ものなら
| info = if (I/we/etc.) could
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle = mono o
| joshi = ものを
| info = Used in phrases to show deplore feelings about not doing something they should do.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Phrases
| example = "Sukida" to hito koto itte kure-sae shi-tara kekkon deki-ta mono o...
| rei = "好きだ"と一言言ってくれさえしたら、結婚できたものを...
| translation= If you had said "I like you", we would have gotten married...
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle = na and naa
| joshi =な(and なる)・なあ・なぁ
| joshi-link =なぁ
| info = {{Anchor|na|naa}}Na (な only): used with a class of adjectives which behave grammatically like nouns (see na-adjectives). A more archaic form of this na is naru (なる), which is used in the same way. If na follows a dictionary form verb, it is a negative command ("Don't... "). However, if used with a verb stem, it implies the opposite: "Do..." as a short form of nasai (なさい). It is also used to modify general nouns before other particles which cannot directly follow nouns (e.g. no de).
Etymology: The na used with nouns (including na-adjectives) is a form of the copula. Na or naa at the end of a sentence is a variant of ne, implying more reflection.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Verb
| example = Suru-na
| rei = するな
| translation= Don't do (something).
| example2 = Tabe-na
| rei2 = 食べな (short form of 食べなさい)
| translation2= Do eat / Please eat.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Na-adjectives
| example = hen na hito
| rei = 変な人
| translation= a strange person
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Phrases
| example = Hen da na!
| rei = 変だな！
| translation = How strange!
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =nado
| joshi =など (等)
| joshi-link =等
| info = Translates to: "for example, things like, such as, etc., and so on"
Functions as a noun and may be followed by no.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns
| example = Nattō ya kabuki nado wa Nihon dake ni aru.
| rei = 納豆や歌舞伎などは日本だけにある。
| translation= Things like natto and kabuki are only in Japan.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =nanka/nante
| joshi =なんか・なんて (何か・何て)
| joshi-link =何か
| info = Functions to: emphasize disgust, contempt, or otherwise negative feelings of the speaker.
Nante is slightly more formal than nanka.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns
| example = Jogen nanka iranai.
| rei = 助言なんかいらない。
| translation= I don't need any (damn) advice.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Verb[1]
| example = Oyogu nante dekinai.
| rei = 泳ぐなんてできない。
| translation= I can't swim.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Adjectives[2]
| example = Ōkiku nanka nai kedo, kirei da.
| rei = 大きくなんかないけど、きれいだ。
| translation = It's not big [or anything], but it's clean.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =nara
| joshi =なら
| info = Translates to: "if"; conditional
Hypothetical (仮定形) or conditional form of the copula da. Related to the more formal naraba.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns, adjectives, verbs, phrases
| example = Atsui nara, eakon o tsukete
| rei = 暑いなら、エアコンを付けて。
| translation= If you're hot, turn on the air conditioner.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =ne
| joshi =ね
| info = Translates to: "eh"; interjection, tag question
Similar to English "hey", "eh?", French "non?" and Spanish "no?" Asks or shows agreement and reflection at phrase-end, also used before sentences to catch listener's attention (informal).
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Phrases
| example = Kimi wa kashikoi yo ne.
| rei = 君は賢いよね。
| translation = You're pretty smart, aren't you.
| example2= Kakkō ii desu ne.
| rei2 = 格好いいですね。
| translation2= That's pretty neat, eh?
| example3= Ne, ima nanji?
| rei3 = ね、いま何時？
| translation3= Hey, what time is it?
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =ni
| joshi =に
| info = Translates to: "to, in, at, by"; indirect object, direction; following a na-adjective, it creates an adverb
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Noun: location
| example = Gakkō ni iru.
| rei = 学校にいる。
| translation= I'm at/in school.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Noun: direction
| example = Gakkō ni iku.
| rei = 学校に行く。
| translation= I'm going to school.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Noun: indirect object
| example = Ore ni kaese.
| rei = 俺に返せ。
| translation= Give it back to me.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Noun: passive agent
| example = Ka ni sasareta.
| rei = 蚊にさされた。
| translation= I was bitten by a mosquito.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Noun, verbs (stem only): purpose, intent
| example = Eiga o mi ni iku.
| rei = 映画を見に行く。
| translation= I'm going to see a movie.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Adjective: forms adverb
| example = teinei, teinei ni
| rei = 丁寧、 丁寧に
| translation= polite, politely
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =ni te
| joshi =にて
| info = Formal version of de, functions in exactly the same way.

Etymology: Case particle ni + conjunctive particle te (cf. te form of Japanese verbs)


}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =ni wa
| joshi =には
| info = Translates to: "for; in, to; in order to";
Etymology: ni + wa (always written は)

The wa part is the topic particle.
Serves as emphasis for a negative ending.


}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns: "for"
| example = Shichimi wa, watashi ni wa kara-sugiru.
| rei = 七味は、私には辛すぎる。
| translation= Shichimi is too spicy for me. (i.e., "you might like it, but I'm not touching it.")
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Noun: "in, to"
| example = Kyōto ni wa hana ga aru.
| rei = 京都には花がある。
| translation= There are flowers in Kyōto.

(Lit.: As for in Kyōto, there are flowers.)


}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Verb: "in order to"
| example = Mizu o mitsukeru ni wa
| rei = みずをみつけるには
| translation= In order to find water
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =no
| joshi = の
| info = Functions as: possession indicator, noun link, topic marker (subordinate clauses), nominalization

When nominalizing whole phrases, the no may function either as emphasis or as a question, depending on tone of voice. Similar to English, a falling tone denotes a statement, and a rising tone a question. Its use to mark statements tends to be more typical of feminine speech. See also Gender differences in spoken Japanese.


}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns: possession ex. a
| example = sensei no kuruma
| rei = 先生の車
| translation= the teacher's car
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Noun: possession ex. b
| example = watashi no konpyuuta
| rei = 私のコンピューター
| translation= My computer
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Noun: possession ex. c
| example = anata no shukudai
| rei = あなたの宿題
| translation= your homework
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Noun: linking
| example = kuruma no Toyota
| rei = 車のトヨタ
| translation= Toyota the car [company]
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Noun: subject marker in subordinate clauses (see also: ga)
| example = Kare no tsukutta kēki wa oishikatta.
| rei = 彼の作ったケーキはおいしかった。
| translation= The cake that he made was tasty.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = i-adjectives: nominalization
| example = Yasui no wa, kore.
| rei = 安いのは、これ。
| translation = This is the cheap[er] one.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Verb: nominalization
| example = Taberu no ga daisuki.
| rei = 食べるのが大好き。
| translation= I love eating.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Phrases: nominalization, question
| example = Mō, tabeta no?
| rei = もう、食べたの？
| translation = Have you eaten yet?
| example2= Kuruma na no?
| rei2 = 車なの？
| translation2= Is it a car?
| example3= Kare ni mō ageta no yo!
| rei3 = 彼にもうあげたのよ！
| translation3= I already gave it to him!
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =no de
| joshi = ので
| info = Translates to: "because"
Etymology: no + de
Colloquially, no de is often shortened to n de.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Phrases[3]
| example = Tesuto ga aru no de, ikenai.
| rei = テストがあるので、行けない。
| translation = Because I have a test, I can't go.
| example2= Gakkō na no de, kin'en da.
| rei2 = 学校なので、禁煙だ。
| translation2= Because this is a school it's no smoking.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =nomi
| joshi = のみ
| info = Translates to: "only, just"
Nomi is more formal and far less common than dake. Unlike dake, its only meaning is that of small quantity or singleness of frequency.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns
| example = Tō-ten de wa, Nihon en nomi go-riyō itadakemasu.
| rei = 当店では、日本円のみご利用頂けます。
| translation= This store accepts Japanese Yen only.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =no ni
| joshi = のに
| info = Translates to: "despite, although, even though; would have; in order to"
Etymology: no + ni
Nouns and na-adjectives must be followed by na before using this particle.
No ni has a stronger meaning than kedo when used to mean "although", and conveys regret when used to mean "would have".
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Adjectives, verbs: "although"
| example = Benkyō shiten no ni, eigo ga hanasenai.
| rei = 勉強してんのに、英語が話せない。
| translation= Although I'm studying, I can't speak English.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Adjectives (conditional), verbs (conditional): "would have"
| example = Kaette kitara, yokatta no ni.
| rei = 帰ってきたら、よかったのに。
| translation = It would have been nice if you had come home.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Verb (plain form): "in order to"
| example = Hikkosu no ni torakku ga hitsuyō da.
| rei = 引っ越すのにトラックが必要だ。
| translation= (In order) to move, you need a truck.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =o
| joshi = を
| info = Functions as: direct object
Translates to: "through, from, past (motion verbs only)"
This is unrelated to the honorific prefix o, written お or 御.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns: direct object
| example = Neko ga esa o tabeta.
| rei = 猫が餌を食べた。
| translation= The cat ate the food.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Noun: through, etc. (motion)
| example = Sora o tobu
| rei = 空を飛ぶ
| translation= fly through the sky
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =sa/saa
| joshi-link= さ
| joshi=さ・さあ・さぁ
| info = Functions as: Masculine sentence/phrase final particle, indicating explanation of obvious facts. It is softer than yo.
Saa: Feminine sentence/phrase final particle, used like ne, but often more frequently as extremely colloquial filler.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Phrases: masculine sa
| example = Kanojo ga inai kara, dansu niwa ikanai sa.
| rei = 彼女がいないから、ダンスには行かないさ。
| translation= I don't have a girlfriend, so I'm not going to the dance.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Phrases: saa
| example = Kinō saa, gakkō de saa, sensei ni saa, chūi sarete saa, chō mukatsuita.
| rei = 昨日さあ、学校でさあ、先生にさあ、注意されてさあ、超むかついた。
| translation = Like, yesterday, in, like, school, I, like, got fussed at by, like, some teacher, and it totally made me sick.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =sae
| joshi = さえ
| info = Sae: "even"

Note the meaning overlaps with mo. Sae implies (usually) positive emphasis that the evident extent of something is greater than initially expected. Can be followed by mo for additional emphasis. Contrast this with sura.


}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns
| example = Kanji sae kakeru.
| rei = 漢字さえ書ける。
| translation= He can even write kanji.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =de sae
| joshi = でさえ
| info = Translates to: "even"
Etymology: de + sae
De sae replaces wa and ga, like de mo above.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns
| example = Sonna koto wa saru de sae dekiru.
| rei = そんなことは猿でさえできる。
| translation= Even a monkey can do that.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =sae...ba/ra
| joshi-link = さえ
| joshi=さえ…ば・ら
| info = Function: sae followed by a verb in the conditional means "if only".
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns
| example = Kore sae nomeba, futsukayoi ga naoru yo.
| rei = これさえ飲めば、二日酔いが直るよ。
| translation= If you would just drink this, your hangover would get better.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =shi
| joshi = し
| info = Translates to: "and what's more" (conjunction)
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Adjectives, verbs
| example = Kirei da shi, hiroi shi, ii ne, kono apaato!
| rei = きれいだし、広いし、いいね、このアパート。
| translation= It's clean, it's spacious; this apartment is nice, isn't it!
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =shika
| joshi = しか
| info = Translates to: "only, just"
Shika must be followed by a negative verb.
Shika may be compounded as dakeshika, kirishika, and nomishika (plus the negative verb) to stress an extremely limited quantity or frequency.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns
| example = Ichi en dama shika nai.
| rei = 一円玉しかない。
| translation= I have just a one-yen coin.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Verb
| example = Yūbin-kyoku ni iku shika nai.
| rei = 郵便局に行くしかない。
| translation= The only thing [to do] is to go to the post office.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =sura
| joshi = すら
| info = Translates to: "even"

Note the meaning overlaps with mo. Sura implies (usually) negative emphasis that the evident extent of something is less than initially expected. Contrast this with sae.


}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns
| example = Kanji sura kakenai.
| rei = 漢字すら書けない。
| translation= He can't even write kanji.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =to
| joshi = と
| info = Translates to: "and" (conjunction); "with" or "as with" (preposition); "if"; quotation.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns: conjunction
| example = sore to kore
| rei = それとこれ
| translation= that and this
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns: conjunction
| example = sore to kore to
| rei = それ と これ と
| translation= that or this
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Verbs: transition/state change
| example = taiyōkei dasshutsu e to chikazuite itta
| rei = 太陽系 脱出 へ と 近づいて 行った｡
| translation= They were getting close to the point of leaving the Solar System.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Noun: preposition
| example = Boku to ikitai?
| rei = 僕と行きたい？
| translation= Do you want to go with me?
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Verb, adjectives: "if"
| example = Benkyō suru to wakaru.
| rei = 勉強すると分かる。
| translation= If you study, you'll understand.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Any phrase: quotation
| example = Umi made! to sakenda.
| rei = 「海まで！」と叫んだ。
| translation = "To the sea!" he cried.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =to ka
| joshi = とか
| info = Functions as: A listing particle used like nado. Often used with the question word nani (what) in the form nantoka ("something or other").
Etymology: to + ka
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Nouns
| example = Kani to ka, hotate to ka, zenbu tabeta yo.
| rei = 蟹とか、帆立とか、全部食べたよ。
| translation= We had crab, scallops, [other stuff,] we ate them all.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =to mo
| joshi-link =共
| joshi=とも (共)
| info = Tomo (共): "both, all of the"

To mo (no kanji): "even if, even though; at the ...-est; whether; [emphasis]"
If following a noun and used with a negative verb, meaning changes to "none".

Etymology: to + mo


}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Counted nouns
| example = Watashi wa, aitsura ga futari tomo kirai da.
| rei = 私は、あいつらが、二人とも嫌いだ。
| translation = I hate the both of those guys.
| example2= Zannen nagara, sono kuruma wa san dai tomo irimasen.
| rei2 = 残念ながら、その車は三台とも要りません。
| translation2= Unfortunately, we need none of those three cars.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Volitional verbs
| example = Dō shiyō to mo amari susumanai.
| rei = どうしようともあまり進まない。
| translation = No matter how we try [to do something], we don't make much progress.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Adverbial (continuative) form of i-adjectives
| example = Sukunaku to mo go-jū mairu aruite kita.
| rei = 少なくとも五十マイル歩いてきた。
| translation = We walked at least fifty miles [to get here].
| example2= Osoku to mo itte miyō yo.
| rei2 = 遅くともいってみようよ。
| translation2= Even if it's late, let's go and check it out.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Verb (paired with same verb in negative)
| example = Kau to mo kawanai to mo hakkiri shite imasen.
| rei = 買うとも買わないともはっきりしていません。
| translation= It isn't clear whether they're going to buy or not.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Verb, adjectives

This use is similar to the English expression, "as if [something] wouldn't [phrase]."


| example = Waratte ii to mo.
| rei = 笑っていいとも。[4]
| translation= It's okay to laugh.
| example2 = Ikimasen to mo.
| rei2 =行きませんとも。
| translation2 = As if I would go.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle = tte
| joshi = って
| info = Written as って in hiragana, this is another form of to. It is a shortened version of toiu (という), the present progressive form of the verb iu (言う), "to say"; it functions as a type of verbal quotation mark. It is sometimes used for a direct quote, sometimes for an indirect quote, and sometimes simply to emphasize a word or concept.

tte is casual, and (because it can be a direct quote) the politeness level of the quoted material does not necessarily reflect on the speaker. If you wish to be assuredly formal, use to iimasu instead of tte.


}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Any phrase
| example = Sugu kimasu tte
| rei = すぐ来ますって。
| translation = Could be, "He said he'll come soon" (more politely) or, "He said, 'I'll come soon.'" (less so).
| example2= Arabiago tte, muzukashikunai?
| rei2 = アラビア語って難しくない？
| translation2= "Arabic─isn't it difficult?"
(Emphasizing a word; used instead of というものは or　は)
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =tteba
| joshi = ってば
| info = Functions as:'strong emphasis marker, especially when the speaker has grown impatient.
Etymology: te + ba
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Any phrase: quotation
| example = kōhī datteba !
| rei = コーヒーだってば！
| translation = I said "coffee"!
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle = wa
| joshi = は
| info = {{lang|ja|は}} wa is a topic marker. It is written with the hiragana は ha, rather than the hiragana わ, wa. Not to be confused with the particle が.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle = wa
| joshi = わ
| info = {{lang|ja|わ}} wa is used at the end of the sentence to establish an emotional connection. It is used by both genders when it is pronounced with a falling intonation especially in dialects of Kansai, Nagoya and elsewhere, but with a rising intonation, it is generally used by females. This also conveys a certain deference to the speaker's wishes and emotions.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle = ya
| joshi = や
| info = Ya is used to make incomplete lists of things (usually nouns). To make an exhaustive list, the particle to is used instead.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element =
| example = Watashi no suki na tabemono wa okashi ya pan ya mikan nado desu
| rei = 私の好きな食べ物はお菓子やパンやミカンなどです。
| translation = "I like snacks, bread and tangerines."
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =yara
| joshi = やら
| info = Denotes either uncertainty or listing.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle = yo
| joshi = よ
| info = Yo comes at the end of the sentence, and is used to make assertions. Compare zo and ze below.

Yo is also sometimes used after nouns, and functions as a vocative marker. This is especially used in older speech, poetry, and songs.


}}{{Japanese particle
| element =
| example = Kaeru yo!
| rei = 帰るよ！
| translation = "I'm going home!"
| example2 = Saraba, tomo yo
| rei2 = さらば友よ。
| translation2 = "Farewell, oh friend!"
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle = yori
| joshi = より
| info = Yori can mean "from", and is also used to make comparisons. Yori is usually written より in hiragana.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element =
| example = Kono densha-wa, Kashiwa-yori saki wa kaku eki-ni tomarimasu
| rei = この電車は柏より先は各駅に止まります。
| translation = "This train will stop at every station after Kashiwa".
| example2 = Dare-yori-mo kanemochi-ni naritai
| rei2 = 誰よりも金持ちになりたい。
| translation2= "I want to become richer than anyone (else)".
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle = ze
| joshi = ぜ
| info = ze indicates assertion. Used mostly by men, it is never considered polite. Compare yo and zo.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle = zo
| joshi = ぞ
| info = zo indicates assertion. Used mainly by men, it is considered somewhat less forceful and more positive than ze. Compare yo and ze above.
}}{{Japanese particle|head
| particle =zutsu
| joshi = ずつ
| info = Zutsu denotes an equal or gradual distribution of quantity like "at a time" in "one at a time", "by" in "one by one", or "each" in "one each". It usually follows counted nouns, and is written with hiragana as ずつ.
}}{{Japanese particle
| element = Noun: counted
| example = Chokorēto-o ni-ko-zutsu tabemashita
| rei = チョコレートを二個ずつ食べました。
| translation = Either "I ate two pieces of chocolate on each (countable) times." or "Each one ate (=shared) two pieces of chocolate (from larger amount)."
}}{{Japanese particle|end}}

Contrast

は wa and が ga

{{main article|Japanese grammar#Topic, theme, and subject: は wa and が ga}}{{see also|Topic marker#Japanese: は}}

に ni and で de

Ni and de can both be used to show location, corresponding to the prepositions "in" or "at" in English. Their uses are mutually exclusive.

Ni, when used to show location, is used only with stative verbs such as iru, "to be, exist;" aru, "to be, exist, have;" and sumu, "to live, inhabit."

  • {{lang|ja|日本に住んでいる。}} (Nihon-ni sunde iru. "I live in Japan.")
  • {{lang|ja|学校にいる。}} (Gakkō-ni iru. "I am in school.")

De is used with action verbs to convey the place of action, as opposed to location of being.

  • {{lang|ja|学校で寝る。}} (Gakkō-de neru. "I sleep in/at school.")
    • Gakkō-ni neru. "I sleep to school," is not usually used.

に ni and へ e

Ni and e can both indicate direction of motion, literally meaning "to" or "at" in English. However, as particles in Japanese directly modify the preceding verb, some Japanese language courses call this the "goal of movement" usage because it marks the goal of the movement. For example in the sentence {{lang|ja|私はうちに帰ります}} (Watashi wa uchi ni kaerimasu or "I'm going back home") the goal of the movement is home (uchi ni). In this sense, e is perhaps closer to English "towards" in terms of use (see example below). As long as ni is used directionally, it is possible to substitute e in its place. Ni used in other senses cannot be replaced by e:

  • {{lang|ja|学校に行く。}} (Gakkō ni iku. "I'm going to school"), where {{lang|ja|学校}} gakkō, "school," is the destination of {{lang|ja|行く}} iku, "go."
    • Gakkō e iku. "I'm going to school," where gakkō, "school," is the destination of iku, "go."
  • {{lang|ja|学校にいる。}} (Gakkō ni iru. "I'm at school"), where {{lang|ja|学校}} gakkō, "school," is the location of {{lang|ja|いる}} iru, "be;" not a destination.
    • Gakkō e iru. "I'm to school," is not a possible construction since "be" is not a verb of motion.
  • {{lang|ja|友達に会う。}} (Tomodachi ni au "I'll meet my friends") where {{lang|ja|友達}} tomodachi, "friends," is the indirect object of {{lang|ja|会う}} au, "meet;" not a destination.
    • Tomodachi e au "I'll meet to my friends," which is impossible because "meet" is not a verb of motion.
  • {{lang|ja|本を買いに行った。}} (Hon o kai ni itta "I went to buy a book"), where {{lang|ja|買いに}} kai ni, "to buy," shows purpose or intent, and is a verbal adverb; not destination.
    • Hon o kai e itta "I went towards buying a book," is not possible because kai, "buying," cannot be a destination.

Indicating direction, using e instead of ni is preferred when ni is used non-directionally in proximity:

  • {{lang|ja|友達に会いに京都へ行った。}} (Tomodachi ni ai ni Kyōto e itta. "I went to Kyoto to meet my friends.")

Ni can not be replaced by e in all uses. It must be used with days of the week as in {{lang|ja|日曜日に京都にいきます}} (Nichiyoubi ni Kyoto ni ikimasu "I will go to Kyoto on Sunday".) where ni is used both to mark the day of the week (日曜日) and the goal of the movement (京都). It is also required with numerical times (but not relative times). For example, ni must be used in the sentence {{lang|ja|十一時に寝ます}} (Juu ichi ji ni nemasu "I will go to sleep at 10 o'clock") to mark the numerical time (十一時) but it is not used with the relative time words like tomorrow (明日), yesterday (昨日), today (今日), last week (先週), next month (来月), etc. For example in the sentence {{jp|私は昨日仕事に行きませんでした}} (watashi wa kinou shigoto ni ikimasen deshita "I did not go to work yesterday") no particle is needed for "yesterday" (昨日), but ni is used to mark the goal of movement (仕事に).

が ga and を o

In some cases, ga and o are interchangeable. For example, with the tai form, meaning "want to", it is possible to say either of the following:

  • {{lang|ja|ご飯が食べたい。}} (Gohan ga tabetai. "I want to eat rice.")
  • {{lang|ja|ご飯を食べたい。}} (Gohan o tabetai. "I want to eat rice.")

Similarly, 好き suki, a na adjective meaning "liked", can take either ga or o:

  • {{lang|ja|君が好きだ。}} (Kimi ga suki da "I like you")
  • {{lang|ja|君を好きでよかった}} (Kimi o suki de yokatta "I'm glad I like you") (words from a popular song)

に ni and と to

Ni and to are sometimes interchangeable in forms like {{lang|ja|になる}} ni naru and {{lang|ja|となる}} to naru. The ni naru form suggests a natural change, whereas to naru suggests change to a final stage.

や ya and と to

Ya is used for incomplete lists, whereas to is used for complete ones.

Historical particles

{{lang|ja|い}} i was used in Old Japanese and kanbun works. Its meaning is still debated, but has traditionally been considered emphatic.[5]

Differences from English prepositions

Many Japanese particles fill the role of prepositions in English, but they are unlike prepositions in many ways. Japanese does not have equivalents of prepositions like "on" or "about", and often uses particles along with verbs and nouns to modify another word where English might use prepositions. For example, ue is a noun meaning "top/up"; and ni tsuite is a fixed verbal expression meaning "concerning":

{{lang|ja|テーブルの上にある。}}

Tēburu-no　　-ue-ni　　　aru.

Table-OF　　top/up-AT　exists.

"It's on the table."

{{lang|ja|あの人は、ギターについて何でもわかる。}}

Ano　　hito-wa, 　　　gitā-ni 　　tsuite　　nandemo　wakaru.

That　person-TOPIC　guitar-TO　concerning　anything　　knows.

"That person knows everything about guitars."

See also

{{wiktionarycat|type=Japanese particles|category=Japanese particles}}
  • Adposition
  • Chinese particles
  • Okinawan particles
  • Korean particles
  • Japanese counter words
  • Japanese grammar: particles
  • Japanese verb conjugations
  • Sentence-final particle

Notes

1. ^Nanka/nante is usually followed by a verb which conveys some kind of undervalue, lacking, or dislike, often in the negative.
2. ^Can immediately follow i-adjectives, using the adjective's ku form if followed by the negative, or if the adjective is followed by no. Na-adjectives require the copula da or no before nante or nanka.
3. ^Phrases ending in a noun or na-adjective require the na form of the copula before the nominalizing no.
4. ^Title of a Japanese TV programme hosted by Tamori.
5. ^{{Cite book|title=A History of the Japanese Language|last=Frellesvig|first=Bjark|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780521653206|location=Cambridge|pages=131|quote=|via=}}

References

  • Chino, Naoko. How to Tell the Difference Between Japanese Particles. Tokyo; New York: Kodansha International, 2005. {{ISBN|4-7700-2200-X}}.
  • Martin, Samuel E. A Reference Grammar of Japanese. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1975. {{ISBN|0-300-01813-4}}.
  • Makino, Seiichi, and Michio Tsutsui. A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar. Tokyo: Japan Times, 1986. {{ISBN|4-7890-0454-6}}.
  • Makino, Seiichi, and Michio Tsutsui. A Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese Grammar. Tokyo: Japan Times, 1997. {{ISBN|4-7890-0775-8}}.
  • McClain, Yoko Matsuoka. A Handbook of Modern Japanese Grammar: Including Lists of Words and Expressions with English Equivalents for Reading Aid. Tokyo: Hokuseido Press, 1981. {{ISBN|4-590-00570-0}}, {{ISBN|0-89346-149-0}}.
{{Japanese language}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Japanese Particles}}

1 : Japanese grammar
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