| 词条 | Conference of Badasht |
| 释义 |
The Conference of Badasht (Persian: گردهمایی بدشت) was an instrumental meeting of the leading Bábís in Iran during June–July 1848. In June–July 1848 over a period of 3 weeks, a number of Bábí leaders met in the village of Badasht[1] at a conference, organized in part and financed by Bahá'u'lláh, centered on Táhirih and Quddús, that set in motion the public existence and promulgation of the Bábí religion.[2] Around eighty men and Táhirih attended the conference. The conference is considered by Bábís and Bahá'ís as a signal moment that demonstrated that Islamic Sharia law had been abrogated and superseded by Bábí law,[3][4] as well as a key demonstration of the thrust of raising the social position of women.[5] Leading figures and eventsAfter the Báb's arrest in early 1848, Mulla Muhammad Ali Barfurushi, aka Quddús, had sought to raise the Black Standard in Mashad.[6] However the city forced the Bábís out, (it was later officially raised by Mullá Husayn-i-Bushru'i.[5]) At the same time Táhirih had expressed an interest in making a pilgrimage to the fortress of Máh-Kú in the province of Azarbaijan where the Báb, founder of the Bábí faith, was being held. That proved untenable. Instead, Bahá'u'lláh made arrangements for Táhirih to leave Tehran to join forces with Quddús. Along the way they encountered Quddús and together they settled on Badasht for the location for a meeting. The three key individuals each had a garden:[7]
In one account the purpose of the conference was to initiate a complete break in the Babi community with the Islamic past. The same account notes that a secondary reason was to find a way to free the Bab from the prison of Chiriq,[8] and it was Tahirih who pushed the notion that there should be an armed rebellion to save the Bab and create the break.[9] Another source states that there was no doubt that prominent Babi leaders wanted to plan an armed revolt.[10] It seems that much of what Tahirih was pushing was beyond what most of the other Babis were about to accept.[9] The first topic of the conference was seeking the freedom of the Báb from arrest.[6] Following this the question of exactly what the Báb's precise claim was, was raised.[6] Bábís were divided somewhat between those that viewed the movement as a break with Islam, centered on Táhirih, and those with a more cautious approach, centered on Quddús. Scholars and chroniclers of the time characterize the conference as determined by the differences and resolution between Quddús and Táhirih.[6] Many sources note the role of Bahá'u'lláh in resolving the issues, and resolving them in favor of Táhirih. It was in fact at the conference that the name Táhirih - "The Pure" was introduced by Bahá'u'lláh, as well as other names for individuals.[11] According to Nabíl-i-A`zam all three were named thusly by Bahá'u'lláh at the conference.[12] Indeed, all attendees may have been given new names.[13] The major events included, as an act of symbolism, Táhirih taking off her traditional veil in front of an assemblage of men on one occasion and brandished a sword on another.[14] The unveiling caused shock and consternation amongst the men present as it was a very visible challenge to the cultural/religious ways of seeing an esteemed woman. Prior to this, many had regarded Táhirih as the epitome of purity and the spiritual return of Fatima Zahra, the daughter of the prophet Muhammad.[6] Many screamed in horror at the sight, and one man was so horrified that he cut his own throat and, with blood pouring from his neck, fled the scene. Táhirih then arose and began a speech on the break from Islam. She quoted from the Quran, "verily, amid gardens and rivers shall the pious dwell in the seat of truth, in the presence of the potent King" as well as proclaiming herself the Word the Qa'im would utter on the day of judgement. The unveiling caused shock and consternation amongst the men present.[15] The events decisively changed the orientation of the Bábís in their religious endeavors.[6] The circumstances of the conference in a Persian Paradise garden along with Táhirih's address to the audience underscored the difference between Islamic theology and practice:[7] that Islamic paradise, the perfect condition requiring human participation and not just reflection, differed from the rules of Sharia and thus the rules were derived from human interpretation of the divine claiming an authority it did not have - that a place of public discourse like a garden was forbidden to unveiled women, whereas paradise in action in fact required it. This became the key way of differentiating the dispensation of Islam from the events in the garden[7][16] According to Moojan Momen the accusation that there was some immorality among the Babis at the conference following the abrogation of the Islamic Sharia is confirmed by some Bábí and Bahá'í sources.[17] Mongol Bayat refers to the accusations of immorality at the conference as "grossly exaggerated", though she echoes that there was "mischief which a few of the irresponsible among the adherents of the Faith had sought".[18] According to Peter Smith, some followers of the new faith "openly broke with Islamic practice, either to 'gratify their selfish desires', or as a deliberate act to proclaim the new day."[19] After Táhirih and Quddús reconciled their differences the two departed from Badasht riding in the same howdah. When they neared the village of Níyálá, the local mullá, outraged at seeing an unveiled woman sitting next a group of men and chanting poems aloud, led a mob against them. Several people died in the resulting clash and the Bábís were forced to disperse in different directions. Quddús eventually traveled to where Mullá Husayn was, at Shrine of Tabarsi where important events unfolded. Táhirih was arrested and held in Tehran. ImportanceThe conference of Badasht is considered by Bábís and Bahá'ís as a signal moment that demonstrated that Islamic Sharia law had been abrogated and superseded by Bábí law[3][4] as well as a key demonstration of the thrust of raising the social position of women.[5] Although the unveiling led to accusations of immorality by a Christian missionary[20] and Muslim[2] clerics of the time, the Báb responded by supporting her position and endorsing the name Bahá'u'lláh gave her at the conference:[11] the Pure (Táhirih).[15] Other aspectsBahá'ís have noted there is a synchronicity in time and a likeness in theme and events between Iran and the United States between the conference at Badasht and the Seneca Falls Convention.[21][22] First: the conferences happened nearly coincident - at Badasht over three weeks from late June to mid July 1848 and the Seneca Falls Convention happening narrowly in mid July. Second: both conferences had women (Táhirih and Elizabeth Cady Stanton) take strong stances on the role of women in the public arena that some attending reacted to harshly. And lastly leading men present (Quddús and Frederick Douglas) supported these calls before the meeting adjourned, healing the breach. Some even see a parallel in the background discussions that are partially documented to arrange how things would be brought up and settled. See also
References1. ^{{cite web | title =Badasht | work ="B"s | publisher =bahaiglossary.org | date = | url =http://www.bahaiglossary.org/words/badasht | accessdate = 4–3–2012}} 2. ^1 {{cite book | last = Milani| first = Farzaneh | title = Veils and words: the emerging voices of Iranian women writers | publisher = I.B.Tauris| series =Contemporary issues in the Middle East| edition = illustrated| year =1992 | pages = 295, esp. 3, 8, 27, 49, 53, 61, 63, 77–82, 90 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4Iqv2dDySwC&lpg=PR9&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false| isbn = 978-1-85043-574-7}} 3. ^1 {{Cite book | title = Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia | editor-first = Phyllis G. |editor-last = Jestice | year = 2004 | publisher = ABC-CLIO | isbn = 1-57607-355-6| first = Moojan | last=Momen |authorlink=Moojan Momen | first2=B. Todd | last2=Lawson | chapter = Táhirih | location = Santa Barbara, CA | ref = harv}} 4. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://bahai-library.com/maneck_women_bahai_faith | title = Religion and Women | last = Maneck | first = Susan | location = Albany | publisher = SUNY Press | year = 1994}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite journal| last =Momen | first = Moojan|authorlink=Moojan Momen | title =The Social Basis of the Babi Upheavals in Iran (1848-53): A Preliminary Analysis|journal =International Journal of Middle East Studies | volume =15 | issue =2 | pages =157–183 | publisher =Cambridge University Press | date = May 1983 | jstor =162988 | doi=10.1017/s0020743800052260}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal | last =Mottahedeh | first = Negar | title =Resurrection, Return, Reform: Ta'ziyeh as Model for Early Babi Historiography| journal = Iranian Studies| volume =32 | issue =3 | publisher =International Society for Iranian Studies/Taylor & Francis | date =Summer 1999 | jstor =4311269 | doi = 10.1080/00210869908701962 }} 7. ^1 2 {{cite journal | last =Mottahedeh | first = Negar | title =Ruptured Spaces and Effective Histories: The Unveiling of the Babi Poetess Qurrat al-'Ayn-Táhirih in the Gardens of Badasht | journal =Occasional Papers in Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Studies | volume =2 | issue =2 | publisher =H-Baha'i | date =February 1998 | url =http://bahai-library.com/mottahedeh_ruptured_spaces_Táhirih | accessdate = 2012-04-04}} 8. ^{{cite book | title = Women and the Family in Iran | publisher = Brill Academic Publishers | year = 1985 | isbn = 9004074260 | editor-first = A | editor-last = Fathi | pages = 82–83}} 9. ^1 {{cite book | title = Shi'ism: A Religion of Protest | first = Hamid | last = Dabashi | year = 2011 | publisher = Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | isbn = 0674049454 | page = 189}} 10. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=5A90fE_96ToC&lpg=PP1&dq=inauthor%3A%22Mangol%20Bayat%22&pg=PA117#v=onepage&q=armed%20revolt&f=false Mysticism and Dissent: Socioreligious Thought in Qajar Iran, By Mongol Bayat, p. 118] 11. ^1 {{cite book | last =Maneck | first =Susan Stiles | editor-last =Āfāqī | editor-first = Ṣābir| editor2-last =Jasion| editor2-first =Jan T. | title =Táhirih in History: Perspectives on Qurratu'l-'Ayn from East and West | chapter =Táhirih: A Religious Paradigm of Womanhood |chapterurl =https://books.google.com/books?id=u_4CBxfhsnIC&lpg=PA200&pg=PA185#v=onepage&q&f=false | publisher =Kalimat Press | series =RENNER studies on new religions | volume =7 | year =2004 | pages =185–201 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=u_4CBxfhsnIC |isbn = 978-1-890688-35-6}} 12. ^{{cite book |author=Nabíl-i-Zarandí |authorlink=Nabíl-i-A`zam |year=1932| page = 293 |title=The Dawn-Breakers: Nabíl’s Narrative |edition=Hardcover |editor=Shoghi Effendi (Translator) |publisher=Bahá'í Publishing Trust |location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn=0-900125-22-5 |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/nz/DB/ }} 13. ^{{cite book |author1=Hatcher, William S. |author2=Martin, J. Douglas |year= 1998 |title=The Bahá'í Faith: The Emerging Global Religion |publisher=Bahá'í Publishing Trust |location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA |pages = 29–30 |isbn= 0-87743-264-3 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IZmkG1ASirgC&lpg=PA189r&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false}} 14. ^{{cite encyclopedia |last= Smith |first= Peter|encyclopedia= A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith |title= Badasht |year= 2000 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |location= Oxford|isbn= 1-85168-184-1 |pages= 64–65}} 15. ^1 {{cite encyclopedia |last= Smith |first= Peter |encyclopedia= A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith |title= Táhirih |year= 2000 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |location= Oxford |isbn= 1-85168-184-1 |pages= 332–333}} 16. ^{{cite journal | last =Woodman | first = Marion | title =The Role of the Feminine in the New Era | journal =Journal of Bahá’í Studies |volume =2 | issue =1 | publisher =Association for Bahá’í Studies | year =1989 | url =http://www.bahai-studies.ca/journal/files/jbs/2.1%20Woodman.pdf | accessdate = 2012-04-04}} 17. ^"BADAŠT", Encyclopedia Iranica, By Moojan Momen 18. ^{{cite book| last =Bayat | first = Mongol | title =Mysticism and dissent: socioreligious thought in Qajar Iran | publisher =Syracuse University Press | year = 1982 | page = 116 | url =https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=active&tbm=bks&sclient=psy-ab&q=seem+to+have+been+grossly+exaggerated+though+the+author+of+the+Dawn+Breakers+admitted+to+the+%22mischief+which+a+few+of+the+irresponsible+among+the+adherents+of+the+faith&oq=seem+to+have+been+grossly+exaggerated+though+the+author+of+the+Dawn+Breakers+admitted+to+the+%22mischief+which+a+few+of+the+irresponsible+among+the+adherents+of+the+faith&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_l=serp.3...191120l191120l6l191698l1l0l0l0l0l0l0l0ll0l0.frgbld.&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&biw=1440&bih=768&cad=h | isbn = 978-0-8156-2260-4}} 19. ^{{cite book | last =Smith | first = Peter | title =A short history of the Baha'i faith | publisher =Oneworld | edition = illustrated | year =1996 | location = | page = 34 | url =https://www.google.com/search?num=30&hl=en&safe=active&tbm=bks&q=A+short+history+of+Bahai+faith+News+and+%22openly+broke+with+Islamic+practice%22&oq=A+short+history+of+Bahai+faith+News+and+%22openly+broke+with+Islamic+practice%22&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_l=serp.3...26201l28144l0l28547l4l4l0l0l0l0l93l360l4l4l0.frgbld. | isbn = 978-1-85168-070-2}} 20. ^* {{cite book | last =Rev. Wilson | first = Samuel G. | editor-last =Wilder | editor-first =Royal Gould | editor2-last = Pierson|editor2-first =Delavan Leonard| editor3-last =Pierson | editor3-first =Arthur Tappan | editor4-last = Sherwood | editor4-first = James Manning | display-editors = 3| chapter =Bahaism and the Woman Question - II | chapterurl =https://books.google.com/books?id=nnEJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA915#v=onepage&q&f=true | title =The Missionary review of the world | publisher =Funk & Wagnalls | volume =37| year = 1914 | pages =915–919 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=nnEJAQAAMAAJ }}* {{cite book | last =Rev. Wilson | first = Samuel G. | editor-last = Armstrong | editor-first =William Park | title =The Princeton Theological Review | chapter = The Bayan of the Bab | chapterurl =https://books.google.com/books?id=z_sLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA633#v=onepage&q&f=true |publisher =MacCalla & Company Inc | volume =13 | year = 1915 | pages = 633–654 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=z_sLAAAAIAAJ}}* {{cite book | last =Rev. Wilson | first = Samuel G. | title =Bahaism and Its Claims: A Study of the Religion Promulgated by Baha Ullah and Abdul Baha | publisher =Fleming H. Revell co | year = 1915 | pages =171–172 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DHtLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA171#v=onepage&q&f=true }} 21. ^{{cite journal|last=Miller |first=Bradford W. |title=Seneca Falls First Woman’s Rights Convention of 1848; The Sacred Rites of the Nation |journal=Journal of Bahá’í Studies |volume=8 |issue=3 |publisher=Association for Bahá’í Studies |year=1998 |url=http://www.bahai-studies.ca/journal/files/jbs/8.3%20Miller.pdf |accessdate=2012-04-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428165606/http://www.bahai-studies.ca/journal/files/jbs/8.3%20Miller.pdf |archivedate=2012-04-28 |df= }} 22. ^{{cite book | last = Penn | first =Michael L. | author2 =Rahel Nardos | title =Overcoming violence against women and girls: the international campaign to eradicate a worldwide problem | publisher =Rowman & Littlefield | edition =illustrated | year =2003 | pages =1–2 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=yfpCY3PdpDoC | isbn = 978-0-7425-2500-9 }} Further reading
|author=Amanat, Abbas |year=1989 |title=Resurrection and Renewal |publisher=Cornell University Press, New York, USA |isbn=0-8014-2098-9 5 : History of the Bahá'í Faith|1848 in Iran|1848 in religion|1848 conferences|Religious conventions |
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