“Jat Sikh”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Jat Sikh, also known by the more conventional endonym Jatt Sikh, ({{lang-pa|ਜੱਟ ਸਿੱਖ}}) is a sub-group of the Jat people and the Sikh ethnoreligious group, from the Indian subcontinent. They form an estimated 25% of the population of the Indian state of Punjab.^[1]^[2] They form at least half^[3]^[4] of the Sikh population in Punjab, with some sources estimating them to be about 60%^[4]^[5] to 66%^[6] of the Sikh population.

History

According to censuses of the British Raj period, most Sikh Jats were converted from Hindu Jats.^[7]^[8] The relationship between the Hindu, Muslim and Sikh communities of the Punjab region, and between communities such as the Jats and the Rajputs, has been ambiguous over many centuries. The various groups often claim similar origins while asserting their distinctiveness.^[9]

Some Jats started to follow the teachings of Guru Nanak in small numbers and these swelled after the formation of the Khalsa.^[10]^[11] They formed the vanguard of Sikh resistance against the Mughal Empire from the 18th century onwards. W. H. McLeod, basing his work on the martial race theory, says that the Jats began to join Sikhism in large numbers during the period of the sixth guru, Hargobind,^[12]^[13]{{full citation needed|date=September 2014}} but this theory has been rebutted by Jagjit Singh, a Sikh historian.^[14]

At least seven of the 12 Sikh Misls (Sikh confederacies) were led by Jat Sikhs.

Influence of Sikhism on Jats

Irfan Habib has argued that Sikhism did much to uplift the social status of Jat people, who were previously regarded in the Punjab as being of Shudra or Vaishya status in the Hindu ritual ranking system of varna.^[15] Kishan Singh says {{quote|A serious contradiction afflicts the Jat farmer of the Punjab. He has unflinching faith in Guru Gobind Singh, yet at the same time he is inbued with traits typical of a Jat. There are two sides to the Jat’s known traits. One has a positive effect in the sense that it saves him from feeling inferior; and the other side is negative. It makes him overbearing and arrogant which is a disease. A Jat’s negative traits can be suppressed only through the true spirit of Sikhism.^[16]}}

Army recruits

Jat Sikhs, according to Major A. E. Barstow,^[17] were very good soldiers due to the influence of Sikhism,^[18] and possessed more of a martial quality than their non-Sikh Jat brethren. Barstow further comments, that due to their diet and their fondness for wrestling (something encouraged and taught by Guru Angad^[19]^[20] to the Sikh people) and weightlifting, they possessed good physical attributes for soldiery. According to R. W. Falcon, Jat Sikhs (alongside other Sikhs) were seen as a good source for recruitment.^[21] According to Captain A. H. Bingley they were particularly loyal soldiers.^[22]

The Jat Sikh community has constituted an important source of recruits for the Indian Army.^[23]

Agriculture

In Punjab (India), Jat Sikhs are associated with agricultural pursuits^[24]^[25] and land ownership. They own more than 80%,^[26] and possibly as much as 95%^[27] of available agricultural land in Punjab. They often reside in the rural areas, and are economically influential in the state.^[5]

Personalities

See also

References

1. ^{{cite news|title=Jat Sikhs who constitute nearly 25 per cent of Punjab’s 3.6 crore population.|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/parties-in-punjab-decry-exclusion-of-jat-sikhs-from-reservation/article5497692.ece}}
2. ^{{cite news|title=Sikhs comprise 54% population of Punjab, of which, 25% are Jat Sikhs|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Congress-for-OBC-quota-to-Jat-Sikhs/articleshow/14107198.cms}}
3. ^{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=z9GG4__JJNwC&pg=PA377|title=Terrorism in context|author=Martha Crenshaw|year=1995|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|isbn=978-0-271-01015-1}}
4. ^¹{{cite book|last= E. Marty|first=Martin|author2=R. Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms observed |publisher=The University of Chicago Press|year=1991|pages=623|chapter=Chapter 10|isbn=0-226-50878-1|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Q_-yQsX6oRcC&pg=PA623|accessdate=2 April 2010}}
5. ^¹Taylor, S., Singh, M., Booth, D. (2007) Migration, development and inequality: Eastern Punjabi transnationalism. School of Social Sciences and Law, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, UK; Department of Sociology, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India.
6. ^Puri, H. K. (2003) The Scheduled Castes in the Sikh Community – A Historical Perspective. Economic & Political Weekly (28 June 2003); Dalits in Regional Context (2004).
7. ^The transformation of Sikh society — Page 92 by Ethne K. Marenco - The gazetteer also describes the relation of the Jat Sikhs to the Jat Hindus ...to 2019 in 1911 is attributed to the conversion of Jat Hindus to Sikhism. ...
8. ^Social philosophy and social transformation of Sikhs by R. N. Singh (Ph. D.) Page 130 - The decrease of Jat Hindus from 16843 in 1881 to 2019 in 1911 is attributed to the conversion of Jat Hindus to Sikhism. ...
9. ^{{cite book |title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799 |first=Purnima |last=Dhavan |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780199756551 |page=134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aFvyzStjpf8C&pg=PA134}}
10. ^The Sikh Revolution By Jagjit Singh {{ISBN|81-88306-00-2}} page 205 onwards
11. ^Perspectives on Sikh Studies and The Development of Sikh Militarisation by Jagjit Singh Page 92 onwards courtesy http://www.globalsikhstudies.net/pdf/per-sikh-studies.pdf
12. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.sikhspectrum.com/2004/02/the-mcleod-controversy/#/0 | title=The Mcleod Controversy | publisher=Sikh Spectrum | date=February 2004 | accessdate=28 December 2011 | author=Ishwinder Singh}}
13. ^{{cite book |quote=The Jats have long been distinguished by their martial traditions and by the custom of retaining their hair uncut. The influence of these traditions evidently operated prior to the formal inauguration of the Khalsa. |title=Who is a Sikh?: the problem of Sikh identity |first=W. H. |last=McLeod}}
14. ^{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/The-Sikh-Revolution-Perspective-View/dp/8170340411/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1364665081&sr=8-2 | title=The Sikh Revolution: A Perspective View | publisher=Bahri Publications | author=Singh, Jagjit | authorlink=Appendix A | year=1 Jan 1998 | location=New Delhi | pages=262 | isbn=8170340411}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.punjabiuniversity.ac.in/newspup/pages/archiveSep08.html |title=Sikhism uplifted the social status of Jat community of Punjab says Irfan Habib |publisher=Punjabheritage.org |date=16 September 2008 |accessdate=10 August 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127182238/http://punjabiuniversity.ac.in/newspup/pages/archiveSep08.html |archivedate=27 November 2010 |df= }}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://worldsikhnews.com/13%20August%202008/The%20Malaise%20of%20Jat%20Consciousness.htm |title=WSN-Op-Ed-The Malaise of Jat Consciousness |publisher=Worldsikhnews.com |date=13 August 2008 |accessdate=10 August 2009}}
17. ^Barstow, A. E., (Major, 2/11th Sikh Regiment-Late 15th Ludhiana Sikhs), The Sikhs: An Ethnology (revised at the request of the Government of India), reprinted by B.R. Publishing Corporation, Delhi, India, 1985, pp. 62–63, first published in 1928.
18. ^Barstow, A.E., (Major, 2/11th Sikh Regiment-Late 15th Ludhiana Sikhs), The Sikhs: An Ethnology (revised at the request of the Government of India), reprinted by B.R. Publishing Corporation, Delhi, India, 1985, pp. 155, first published in 1928.
19. ^{{cite book | title=The History of Sikh Gurus [Paperback] | publisher=Lotus Book | author=Prithi Pal Singh | authorlink=Development and Transformation of Sikhs into the Khalsa | year=30 Sep 2007 | location=UK | pages=184 | isbn=81-8382-075-1}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://sikhism.about.com/od/angaddev/tp/Angad_Dev_Second_Guru.htm |title=Guru Angad Dev – Profile of Angad Dev – Second Sikh Guru |publisher=Sikhism.about.com |date=17 February 2009 |accessdate=10 August 2009}}
21. ^Falcon, R.W. (Captain, 4th Sikh Infantry, Punjab Frontier Force), Handbook on Sikhs: for the use of Regimental Officers, Printed at the Pioneer Press, Allahabad, India, 1896, pp. 64–65.
22. ^Bingley, A.H. (Captain, 7th-Duke of Connaught's own Bengal Infantry, Handbook for the Indian Army: Sikhs, Compiled under the orders of the Government of India, Printed at the Government Central Printing Office, Simla, India, 1899, pp. 90–91, 11, 92.
23. ^{{cite book | title = The Garrison State: The Military, Government, and Society in Colonial Punjab, 1849–1947 | author = Tan Tai Yong | publisher = SAGE Publications | isbn = 978-0-7619-3336-6 | oclc = 57043090 | year = 2005 | page = 187}}
24. ^{{cite book|last=Leaf|first= Murray J. |title=Information and behavior in a Sikh village: social organization reconsidered|publisher=University of California|year=1972|pages=219|chapter=8|isbn=0-520-02115-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQfPI3GtZT8C&pg=PA219|accessdate=9 May 2010}}
25. ^{{cite book|last=Singh |first=Jasbir|author2=SS Dhillon|title=Agricultural geography|publisher=Tata Mcgraw-Hill|year=2006|edition=3rd|pages=176|chapter=4|isbn=0-07-053228-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zBo_1ZJAQDAC&pg=PA176|accessdate=9 May 2010}}
26. ^Taylor, S., Singh, M., Booth, D. (2007) Migration, development and inequality: Eastern Punjabi transnationalism. School of Social Sciences and Law, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, UK; Department of Sociology, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India.
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/node/18221|title=Caste System Among Sikhs In Punjab|author=Ratan Saldi|date=6 June 2009|publisher=Asian Tribune}}
28. ^Multiple sources:
The Sansis of Punjab; a Gypsy and De-notified Tribe of Rajput Origin, Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Most Glorious Sansi, p 13, by Sher Singh, 1965, Original from the University of Michigan
Tribalism in India, p 160, by Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya, Edition: illustrated, Published by Vikas, 1978, Original from the University of Michigan
Sociological Bulletin, p 97, by Indian Sociological Society, Published by Indian Sociological Society, 1952
Indian Librarian edited by Sant Ram Bhatia, p 220, 1964. Item notes: v.19–21 1964–67, Original from the University of Michigan
The Sikhs in History, p 92, by Sangat Singh, Edition: 2, Published by S. Singh, 1995, Original from the University of Michigan
Some Aspects of State and Society Under Ranjit Singh, p 5 By Fauja Singh, Published by Master Publishers, 1981, Original from the University of Michigan
Preminder Singh Sandhawalia (1999). Noblemen and Kinsmen History of a Sikh Family: History of a Sikh Family. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. {{ISBN|81-215-0914-9}}
Jean-Marie Lafont, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lord of the Five Rivers. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).