“Jaunpur district”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Jaunpur district is a district in the Varanasi Division of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The district headquarters is Jaunpur which is situated on the banks of the Gomti River. It is located 228 km southeast of the state capital Lucknow. The district has two Lok sabha seats and nine Vidhan Sabha seats. According to the 2011 census, Jaunpur has a gender ratio of 1024 females to 1000 males, the highest in Uttar Pradesh. The main languages are Hindi, Urdu, Awadhi and Bhojpuri.

Historic places and sights

Atala Masjid

Firoz Shah III began the construction of the Atala Masjid in 1393 .Atala Masjid is model of Indo-Iran architecture. The Atala became a model for other Masjids in the Jaunpur district. Architecturally, it retained and advanced the element of monumentalism. The height of the Atala Masjid is over {{convert|100|ft|m}}. The perimeter is {{convert|248|ft|m}}. The entrance has three massive stone pylons. The central one consists of a high arch between two sloping towers. These are decorated with arched niches and stone screened windows.^[1]^[2]

Jhanjhari Masjid

The Jhanjhari Masjid, on the north bank of the Gomti river, was built by Ibrahim in the Sipah locality of Jaunpur township. It was a residence of Ibrahim himself, as well as a place for saints, scholars (pandits) and the army (who kept animals such as elephants, camels, horses and mules). After human destruction and flood damage, only the facade remains. This consists of an arch, {{convert|35|ft|m}} high and {{convert|32|ft|m}} wide. Some of the stones from this Masjid were used in the construction of the Shahi bridge.^[2]

Masjid Jama ash Sharq (Jama Masjid)

The Jama Masjid is another of the Sharqi dynasty period, started by Ibrahim Shah Sharqi and after a number of construction phases, completed by Hussain Shah. It is located on the Shahganj road near the Purani bazaar in Jaunpur City. The size of the Masjid interior is {{convert|219|ft|m}} x {{convert|217|ft|m}}. 27 steps climb to the top. There are four gates, one at each cardinal point. The eastern gateway was destroyed by Sikander Lodhi. The Masjid is decorated with Egyptian style engravings and lotus, sunflower and rose motifs.

Lal Darwaza Masjid

Lal Darwaza Masjid, Jaunpur|This Masjid was built in 1447 (as per inscription of this Masjid) at Begumganj, {{convert|1|mi|km}} north of Jaunpur, during the reign of Sultan Mahmud Sharqi, by Queen Bibi Rajyi, dedicated to Maulana Sayyid Ali Dawood Kutubbudin, a celebrated saint (Maulana) of Jaunpur, whose descendent still live in the mohalla bazaar bhua Pandariba Jaunpur and mohalla Namaz Gah laldarwaza. The Masjid occupies {{convert|212|sqft|m2}} x {{convert|188|sqft|m2}} and has three entrances and a courtyard. It is also known as the "Red Portal Masjid".

Shahi Pul

The Shahi Pul is a bridge over the Gomti river at Jaunpur township. It was built by Khankhana in 1564 for Akbar. The bridge is {{convert|26|ft|m}} wide. At each end were pillboxes to house stalls. On a square platform in the middle of the bridge, there is a large sculpture of a lion with an elephant underneath its forepaws. The statue originated in a Buddhist monastery. There is an associated mosque at Idgah on the Allahabad road.

Shahi Qila

In 1162, Firoz Shah III built the Shahi Qila (the imperial fort). The Kerar Kot fort once stood on the same site in Jaunpur township on the left (north) bank of the Gomti river. It contained a mosque and a spacious and stylish set of baths (hammam) installed by Ibrahim, Firoz's brother. The layout of the fort is an irregular quadrangle enclosed in stone walls. The walls surround raised earthworks. Most of the remains of the original structures are buried or in ruin.^[3]

The main gates face east. The largest inner gate is {{convert|14|m|ft}} in height. Its external surface is set with ashlar stone.^[3] A further, outer, gate was installed during the reign of the Mughal king, Akbar, under the patronage of the governor of Jaunpur, Min'im Khan in the 16th century. It is designed in the shape of a flanking bastion. The spandrels or spaces between the arches of the outer gate were decorated with blue and yellow tiles. Ornamental niches are built into the walls of the outer gate. The two story residential and administrative building or "palace" was built in a square layout. An interior pillared verandah or aiwan overlooked the ground floor from the first.

The mosque or masjid is likely the oldest building in Jaunpur township. It was a simple arcade of about {{convert|39.40|m|ft}} x {{convert|6.65|m|ft}}. It was supported by pillars in the Bengali style. There are three low central domes and no minars. (There are two nearby stone pillars instead).^[3]^[4]^[5]

Geography

The district of Jaunpur is situated in the North-West part of Varanasi Division.Its attitude varies from 261 ft to 290 ft. above Sea Level.

Rivers

Climate

Jaunpur district has a climate consistent with that of the Northern Plain and Central Highlands including the Aravalli range, hot semi-arid eco-region 4.3 and hot dry ecoregion 9.2. The temperature varies between about {{convert|4|C|F}} and {{convert|44|C|F}}.^[7] The annual normal rainfall is {{convert|1098|mm|in}}. The monsoon season occurs from the third week of June to the first week of October. Normally, there are 46 rain days per year of which 31 occur in the monsoon season. The district regularly suffers drought and pestilence.^[8]

Topography

The topography of the district is a flat plain undulating with shallow river valleys. The main permanently flowing rivers are the Gomti and the Sai.^[9] The rivers of Jaunpur flow from northwest to southeast and the land slopes in the same direction. Thus, there is a more elevated area in the northwest and a less elevated area of land in the south east.^[10]

Geology

Beneath the surface of the district of Jaunpur, is a thick mantle consisting of the quaternary sediments (silt, sand and clay) of the Ganga river system. Below is vindhya range bedrock. Mineral deposits are rare but there is limestone as a conglomerate kanker in nodular and block forms. The lime can be used in building. Earthquakes have been recorded, the largest in 1927 and 1954.^[10]

Economy

District's main economical activity is agriculture and allied sector. Jaunpur is fastest developing area in eastern uttar pradesh with skill development, quality education and good infrastructure .

Agriculture

The main field crops of Jaunpur district are: rice, maize, pigeon pea, pearl millet, blackgram wheat and chickpea. Other crops are onion and potato and crops for fodder. The crops are grown with both rainfall and irrigation. There are cattle (both local low yielding and crossbred), and local low-yielding buffalo as well as goats, sheep, backyard chickens and pigs and occasional dairy farms. Approximately 29% of Jaunpur's population is employed. Approximately 40% of those employed work in manufacturing, 26% work in trade and commerce, 19% work in other services, 8% work in transport and communication, 4% work in agriculture, 2% work in construction, and 2% are marginal workers. There are 43 government reservoirs and many more private water sources.^[8] At Gujartal lake, {{convert|2|mi|km}} west of Kheta Sarai, pisciculture is conducted.

Industry

There is little heavy industry in Jaunpur. The Varanasi Jaunpur highway allows for some industrial economic development. A cotton mill was operational near Karanja Kala but has now been replaced by a medical college (Under construction) and there are some textile manufacturers. Other manufactured products include perfume (jasmine oil and attar) and incense, furniture, carpets, chemical fertiliser and cement. Tertiary and service industries include repair workshops, print shops and internet cafes.^[9]^[11]^[12]^[13] There is a special economical zone located at Allahabad road near Mungra Badshahpur the Sathariya Industrial area or SIDA. Although all units of SIDA is not in function but maximum are doing work. Jaunpur have problem of infrastructure development. Like many other districts of eastern uttar pradesh Jaunpur have poor road quality and lack of electricity supply. National highway number 56 between Lucknow and Varanasi cross from Jaunpur.

Theatres

Education

The district also includes many C.B.S.E. affiliated and 1 I.C.S.E. affiliated schools.

Demographics

In 2011, an official census was made in Jaunpur district. It recorded a population of 4,476,072 of which 2,258,437 were female and 2,217,635 male. Jaunpur district has population density of 1,113 persons per km².Between 2001 and 2011, the population of Jaunpur district grew 14.89%. Literacy increased from 59.84 to 73.66 percent. In 2011, 86.06 percent of men were literate and 61.7 percent of women. Children under six years formed 14.37% of the population.

Jaunpur ranks 7th in terms of population in the state and ranks 1st in terms of sex ratio (1,024). There are 663,513 households in the district accounting for 2% of the total households in the U.P. The average size of households in the district is 6.8 persons. Urban population in the district is only 7.7% of total population.^[14]

Notable people

Governance

Divisions

Within the district, there are 2 national lower house constituencies, Lok Sabha, of which Jaunpur constituency is entirely in the district, and 9 state lower house constituencies, Vidhan Sabha. Jaunpur district has six administrative subdivisions (Tahsils).

Tahsils

Development Blocks

Thanas

References

1. ^{{cite book|author=Krishna Chaitanya|title=Arts of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EGUpX1O0hoC|year=1987|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-209-3}}
2. ^¹"Atala Masjid" Jaunpur City website. Accessed 5 May 2012
3. ^¹²"Jaunpur Fort," Archaeological Survey of India website. Accessed 7 December 2013.
4. ^Yasin M. and Yasin M. (Ed.)[https://books.google.com/books?id=hz4LJu1EqJIC&dq=jaunpur+AND+fort&source=gbs_navlinks_s "Reading in Indian History."] Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 1988. p66. Accessed at Google Books 6 December 2013.
5. ^Asher C. B. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&dq=jaunpur+AND+fort&source=gbs_navlinks_s "Architecture of Mughal India, Part 1, Volume 4. From "The New Cambridge History of India."] Cambridge University Press, 1992 {{ISBN|0521267285}}, 9780521267281. p88 Accessed at Google Books 6 December 2013. Akriti Shukla(Gupta ji).
6. ^http://jaunpur.nic.in/abtJaunpur.html
7. ^National Informatics Centre "Jaunpur official website." Government of India. Accessed 3 December 2013.
8. ^¹"Agricultural contingency plan for Jaunpur." Government of India. November 2013. Accessed 3 December 2013.
9. ^¹Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium enterprises "A brief industrial profile of Jaunpur district." Government of India. Date not stated. Accessed 3 December 2013.
10. ^¹Prasad G. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0gZVSvJbqGoC&dq=jaunpur+geology&source=gbs_navlinks_s "Progress in Nanotechnology."] Discovery Publishing House. 2008. Vol 2. pp 68-71. Accessed at Google Books 4 December 2013.
11. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=NviJaunGDJMC&dq=jaunpur+AND+fort&source=gbs_navlinks_s "Varanasi city guide"] Eicher Goodearth Limited, 2002 {{ISBN|8187780045}}, 9788187780045 p 182. Accessed at Google Books, 6 December 2013.
12. ^Ram R. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M6cdhzmAw7QC&pg=PA88&dq=jaunpur+industry&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Ls2eUtPfJMifiQKb2IDgBg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=jaunpur%20industry&f=false "Agricultural development: command area approach."] Abhinav publications 1993. p88. Accessed at Google Books 4 December 2013.
13. ^Sharma S. [https://books.google.com/books?id=COHI7LlpkSAC&dq=jaunpur+fort&source=gbs_navlinks_s "India - a travel guide."] Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd., 2008. {{ISBN|8128400673}}, 9788128400674. p248. Accessed at Google Books 6 December 2013.
14. ^ District Census