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词条 Congressional Space Medal of Honor
释义

  1. Recipients

  2. See also

  3. References

{{short description|Order}}{{Infobox military award
|name=Congressional Space Medal of Honor
|image=SpaceMOH.jpg
|image_size=150px
|caption=Congressional Space Medal of Honor
|awarded_by= the United States Congress
|country= United States
|type=Medal
|eligibility=NASA astronauts
|for="exceptionally meritorious efforts and contributions to the welfare of the Nation and mankind"
|campaign=
|status=Active
|description=
|clasps=
|established=September 29, 1969
|first_award=October 1, 1978
|last_award=
|total=28
|posthumous=17
|recipients=
|individual=
|higher=
|same=
|lower=NASA Distinguished Service Medal
NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal
|image2=
|caption2=Congressional Space Medal of Honor ribbon
}}

The Congressional Space Medal of Honor was authorized by the United States Congress in 1969 to recognize "any astronaut who in the performance of his or her duties has distinguished himself or herself by exceptionally meritorious efforts and contributions to the welfare of the Nation and mankind."[1] It is awarded by the President of the United States in Congress's name on recommendations from the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The award is a separate decoration from the Medal of Honor, which is a military award for extreme bravery and gallantry in combat.

Although the Congressional Space Medal of Honor is a civilian award of the United States government, it is authorized as a military decoration for display on U.S. military uniforms due to the prestige of the decoration. In such cases, the Congressional Space Medal of Honor is worn as a ribbon following all United States Armed Forces decorations.

To be awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor, an astronaut must perform feats of extraordinary accomplishment while participating in space flight under the authority of NASA. Typically, the Congressional Space Medal of Honor is awarded for scientific discoveries or actions of tremendous benefit to mankind. The decoration may also be awarded for extreme bravery during a space emergency or in preventing a major space disaster. The Congressional Space Medal of Honor may also be presented posthumously to those astronauts who die while performing a US space mission; and as of 2019, all 17 astronauts killed on US missions have been awarded the medal.

President George W. Bush presented the most awards of the CSMOH, with 16 (of which 14 were posthumous for the two destroyed space shuttle flights, thus setting the standard for all astronauts killed in the line of duty receiving the award). The 11-year 8-month period from 1981 to 1993 was the longest gap between awards since its inception in 1978 until the current 13-year hiatus ongoing since April 2006.

U.S. President Jimmy Carter – 6 presentations

U.S. President Ronald Reagan – 1 presentation

U.S. President George H. W. Bush – 1 presentation

U.S. President Bill Clinton – 4 presentations

U.S. President George W. Bush – 16 presentations

Recipients

Currently, 28 astronauts have been honored with the award; 17 of which were awarded posthumously for those who died in American spaceflight. Three died in the Apollo 1 fire, seven died in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, and seven in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. An asterisk indicates a posthumous award. Four of the twelve moonwalkers received the medal (Armstrong, Conrad, Shepherd, and Young), but only Neil Armstrong for his lunar mission. The New Nine class of U.S. astronauts has the most recipients of the medal, with seven. Second is NASA Astronaut Group 8 which received five awards, four for astronauts killed on the Challenger.

As of June 2018, only six recipients are living, four are over 80 years old, and two of those four are 90 (Frank Borman and Jim Lovell both having turned 90 in March 2018). Frank Borman is the last living of the original six recipients who received the CSMOH in 1978. As of October 1, 2018 he held the award for 40 years.

>
PhotoNameDateAwarded byNotesRef(s)
Neil|Armstrong}} (1930–2012)October 1, 1978}}Jimmy|Carter}} Apollo 11 (Commander of the first lunar landing, first man to walk on the Moon) [1][2]
Frank|Borman}} (1928–)October 1, 1978}}Jimmy|Carter}} Apollo 8 (Commander of the first lunar orbit) [1][3]
Pete|Conrad}} (1930–1999)October 1, 1978}}Jimmy|Carter}} Skylab 2 (first Skylab Commander; responsible for salvaging the critically malfunctioning station) [1][4]
John|Glenn}} (1921–2016)October 1, 1978}}Jimmy|Carter}} Mercury-Atlas 6 (first American in orbit) [1][5]
Gus|Grissom}}* (1926–1967)October 1, 1978}}Jimmy|Carter}} Apollo 1, Gemini 3 and Mercury-Redstone 4 (Commander of the first manned Gemini); died aboard Apollo 1 [1][6]
Alan|Shepard}} (1923–1998)October 1, 1978}}Jimmy|Carter}} Mercury-Redstone 3 (first American in space) [1][7]
John|Young|dab=astronaut}} (1930–2018)May 19, 1981}}Ronald|Reagan}} STS-1 (Commander of the first shuttle flight) [1][8]
Thomas P.|Stafford}} (1930–)January 19, 1993}}George H. W.|Bush}} Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (U.S. Commander) [1][9]
Jim|Lovell}} (1928–)July 26, 1995}}Bill|Clinton}} Apollo 13 (Commander of the ill-fated mission) [1][10]
Shannon|Lucid}} (1943–)December 2, 1996}}Bill|Clinton}} Longest female spaceflight (passed by Sunita Williams) [1][11]
Roger|Chaffee}}* (1935–1967)December 17, 1997}}Bill|Clinton}} Died aboard Apollo 1 [1][12]
Ed|White|dab=astronaut}}* (1930–1967)December 17, 1997}}Bill|Clinton}} Apollo 1 and Gemini 4 (first U.S. space walk); died aboard Apollo 1 [1][12]
William|Shepherd}} (1949–)January 15, 2003}}George W.|Bush}} Expedition 1 (first ISS Commander) [1][13]
Rick|Husband}}* (1957–2003)February 3, 2004}}George W.|Bush}} STS-107 (died aboard Columbia) [1][14]
Willie|McCool}}* (1961–2003)February 3, 2004}}George W.|Bush}} STS-107 (died aboard Columbia) [1][14]
Michael P.|Anderson}}* (1959–2003)February 3, 2004}}George W.|Bush}} STS-107 (died aboard Columbia) [1][14]
Kalpana|Chawla}}* (1962–2003)February 3, 2004}}George W.|Bush}} STS-107 (died aboard Columbia) [1][14]
David M.|Brown}}* (1956–2003)February 3, 2004}}George W.|Bush}} STS-107 (died aboard Columbia) [1][14]
Laurel|Clark}}* (1961–2003)February 3, 2004}}George W.|Bush}} STS-107 (died aboard Columbia) [1][14]
Ilan|Ramon}}* (1954–2003)February 3, 2004}}George W.|Bush}} STS-107 (died aboard Columbia, only non-U.S. citizen recipient) [1][15]
Dick|Scobee}}* (1939–1986)July 23, 2004}}George W.|Bush}} STS-51-L (died aboard Challenger) [1][16]
Michael J.|Smith|dab=astronaut}}* (1945–1986)July 23, 2004}}George W.|Bush}} STS-51-L (died aboard Challenger) [1][16]
Judith|Resnik}}* (1949–1986)July 23, 2004}}George W.|Bush}} STS-51-L (died aboard Challenger) [1][16]
Ronald|McNair}}* (1950–1986)July 23, 2004}}George W.|Bush}} STS-51-L (died aboard Challenger) [1][16]
Ellison|Onizuka}}* (1946–1986)July 23, 2004}}George W.|Bush}} STS-51-L (died aboard Challenger) [1][16]
Gregory|Jarvis}}* (1944–1986)July 23, 2004}}George W.|Bush}} STS-51-L (died aboard Challenger) [1][16]
Christa|McAuliffe}}* (1948–1986)July 23, 2004}}George W.|Bush}} STS-51-L (died aboard Challenger, teacher) [1][16]
Robert|Crippen}} (1937–)April 26, 2006}}George W.|Bush}} STS-1 (first shuttle flight, Pilot) [1][17]

See also

  • Awards and decorations of the United States government
  • Category:Recipients of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 {{cite web | url=https://history.nasa.gov/spacemedal.htm | title=Congressional Space Medal of Honor | publisher=NASA | date=April 28, 2006 | accessdate=2008-07-05}}
2. ^{{cite book|last1=Hubbard|first1=Ben|title=Neil Armstrong and Getting to the Moon|publisher=Capstone|isbn=9781484625200|url=https://books.google.com/?id=YQ9WCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40&lpg=PA40&dq=Neil+Armstrong+Congressional+Space+Medal+of+Honor#v=onepage&q=Neil%20Armstrong%20Congressional%20Space%20Medal%20of%20Honor&f=false|accessdate=7 May 2017|language=en|date=August 2015}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=International Space Hall of Fame :: New Mexico Museum of Space History :: Inductee Profile|url=http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=60|website=www.nmspacemuseum.org|accessdate=7 May 2017}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=International Space Hall of Fame :: New Mexico Museum of Space History :: Inductee Profile|url=http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=62|website=www.nmspacemuseum.org|accessdate=7 May 2017}}
5. ^{{cite web|title=President Obama Awards John Glenn with Medal of Freedom - SpaceNews.com|url=http://spacenews.com/president-obama-awards-john-glenn-medal-freedom/|website=SpaceNews.com|accessdate=7 May 2017|date=4 June 2012}}
6. ^{{cite web|title=Gus Grissom: Remembering NASA's 'Forgotten' Astronaut|url=http://www.americaspace.com/2013/04/03/gus-grissom-nasas-forgotten-astronaut-remembered/|website=AmericaSpace|accessdate=7 May 2017}}
7. ^{{cite web|title=International Space Hall of Fame :: New Mexico Museum of Space History :: Inductee Profile|url=http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=55|website=www.nmspacemuseum.org|accessdate=7 May 2017}}
8. ^{{cite web|title=National Space Grant Distinguished Service Award - 2007 {{!}} National Space Grant Foundation|url=https://www.spacegrant.org/nsgdsa/Young|website=www.spacegrant.org|accessdate=7 May 2017}}
9. ^{{cite web|title=Moon Rock to be Awarded to Apollo-Soyuz Astronaut Thomas Stafford|url=http://www.space.com/1243-moon-rock-awarded-apollo-soyuz-astronaut-thomas-stafford.html|website=Space.com|accessdate=7 May 2017}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=Astronaut Jim Lovell Honored by Harvard {{!}} Space Foundation|url=https://www.spacefoundation.org/media/space-watch/astronaut-jim-lovell-honored-harvard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019183123/http://spacefoundation.org/media/space-watch/astronaut-jim-lovell-honored-harvard|dead-url=yes|archive-date=19 October 2012|website=www.spacefoundation.org|accessdate=7 May 2017}}
11. ^{{cite web|last1=Press|first1=From Associated|title=1st Woman Wins Space Medal of Honor|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1996-12-03/news/mn-5308_1_space-medal-of-honor|website=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=7 May 2017|date=3 December 1996}}
12. ^1 {{cite web|title=William J. Clinton: Remarks on Presenting the Congressional Space Medal of Honor Posthumously to Roger B. Chaffee and Edward H. White II|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=53717|website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu|accessdate=7 May 2017}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=International Space Hall of Fame :: New Mexico Museum of Space History :: Inductee Profile|url=http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=153|website=www.nmspacemuseum.org|accessdate=7 May 2017}}
14. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|last1=Learning|first1=Jones & Bartlett|title=Exploring Space: The High Frontier|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9780763789619|url=https://books.google.com/?id=7Ux61eRFS_YC&pg=PA334&lpg=PA334&dq=Columbia+crew+Space+Medal+of+Honor#v=onepage&q=Columbia%20crew%20Space%20Medal%20of%20Honor&f=false|accessdate=7 May 2017|language=en|year=2010}}
15. ^{{cite web|title=Ilan Ramon took tragic reminders, hope into space|url=https://www.aaas.org/blog/scientia/ilan-ramon-took-tragic-reminders-hope-space|website=AAAS - The World's Largest General Scientific Society|accessdate=7 May 2017|language=en|date=10 June 2016}}
16. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|title=Our SpaceFlight Heritage: 29th anniversary of Challenger disaster - SpaceFlight Insider|url=http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/space-flight-history/spaceflight-heritage-29th-anniversary-challenger-disaster/|website=www.spaceflightinsider.com|accessdate=7 May 2017}}
17. ^{{cite web|title=Former astronaut Robert Crippen is honored|url=https://phys.org/news/2006-04-astronaut-robert-crippen-honored.html|website=phys.org|accessdate=7 May 2017}}
{{Congressional Space Medal of Honor}}{{Use American English|date=January 2014}}

2 : Awards and decorations of NASA|Awards established in 1969
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