“Jeff Cooper”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Cooper graduated from Stanford University with a bachelor's degree in political science. He received a regular commission in the United States Marine Corps (USMC) in September 1941. During World War II he served in the Pacific theatre on the {{USS|Pennsylvania|BB-38|6}}. By the end of the war he had been promoted to major. He resigned his commission in 1949, but returned to active duty during the Korean War, where he was involved in irregular warfare, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel. After the Korean War, the Marine Corps declined his application to remain on active duty. In the mid-1960s, he received a master's degree in history from the University of California, Riverside. From the late 1950s through the early 1970s, he was a part-time high school and community college history teacher.^[1]

Career

In 1976, Cooper founded the American Pistol Institute (API) in Paulden, Arizona (later the Gunsite Academy). Cooper began teaching shotgun and rifle classes to both law enforcement and military personnel, as well as civilians, and did on-site training for individuals and groups from around the world. He sold the firm in 1992, but continued living on the Paulden ranch. He was known for his advocacy of large caliber handguns, especially the Colt 1911 and the .45 ACP cartridge.^[1]

Cooper's modern technique defines pragmatic use of the pistol for personal protection. The modern technique emphasizes two-handed shooting using the Weaver stance, competing with and eventually supplanting the once-prevalent one-handed shooting. The five elements of the modern technique are:

Firearm conditions of readiness

Cooper favored the Colt M1911 pistol and its variants. There are several conditions of readiness in which such a weapon can be carried. Cooper promulgated most of the following terms:

Condition 0 is considered "ready to fire;" as a result, carry in condition 0 is not recommended due to the risk of accidental or negligent discharge.

Bren Ten

Cooper conceived and designed the Bren Ten pistol around the 10mm Auto, based on the Czech CZ 75 design. The cartridge was more powerful than both the 9×19mm Parabellum and the .45 ACP round.^[3]

{{anchor|mindset}} Combat mindset and the Cooper color code

The most important means of surviving a lethal confrontation, according to Cooper, is neither the weapon nor the martial skills. The primary tool is the combat mindset, set forth in his book, Principles of Personal Defense.^[4]

The color code, as originally introduced by Jeff Cooper, had nothing to do with tactical situations or alertness levels, but rather with one's state of mind. As taught by Cooper, it relates to the degree of peril you are willing to do something about and which allows you to move from one level of mindset to another to enable you to properly handle a given situation. Cooper did not claim to have invented anything in particular with the color code, but he was apparently the first to use it as an indication of mental state.^[5]

The USMC uses "Condition Black," although it was not originally part of Cooper's color code.^[7] According to Massad Ayoob, "Condition Black," in Cooper's youth, meant "combat in progress."^[8]

In short, the color code helps one "think" in a fight. As the level of danger increases, one's willingness to take certain actions increases. If one ever does go to Condition Red, the decision to use lethal force has already been made — the "mental trigger" has been tripped.{{Citation needed|date=March 2015}}

There is a problem in that some students insist upon confusing the appropriate color with the amount of danger evident in the situation. As I have long taught, you are not in any color state because of the specific amount of danger you may be in, but rather in a mental state which enables you to take a difficult psychological step. Now, however, the government has gone into this and is handing out color codes nationwide based upon the apparent nature of a peril. It has always been difficult to teach the Gunsite color code, and now it is more so.

We cannot say that the government's ideas about colors are wrong, but that they are different from what we have long taught here. The problem is this: your combat mind-set is not dictated by the amount of danger to which you are exposed at the time. Your combat mind-set is properly dictated by the state of mind you think appropriate to the situation. You may be in deadly danger at all times, regardless of what the Defense Department tells you. The color code which influences you does depend upon the willingness you have to jump a psychological barrier against taking irrevocable action. That decision is less hard to make since the jihadis have already made it.}}

In Yellow you bring yourself to the understanding that your life may be in danger and that you may have to do something about it.

In Orange you have determined upon a specific adversary and are prepared to take action which may result in his death, but you are not in a lethal mode.

In Red you are in a lethal mode and will shoot if circumstances warrant.^[9]}}

Firearms safety

Rifle concepts

Cooper is best known{{who|date=March 2015}} for his work in pistol training, but he favored the rifle for tactical shooting. He often described the handgun as a convenient-to-carry stopgap weapon, allowing someone the opportunity to get to a rifle.

The rifle is a weapon. Let there be no mistake about that. It is a tool of power, and thus dependent completely upon the moral stature of its user. It is equally useful in securing meat for the table, destroying group enemies on the battlefield, and resisting tyranny. In fact, it is the only means of resisting tyranny, since a citizenry armed with rifles simply cannot be tyrannized.

The rifle itself has no moral stature, since it has no will of its own. Naturally, it may be used by evil men for evil purposes, but there are more good men than evil, and while the latter cannot be persuaded to the path of righteousness by propaganda, they can certainly be corrected by good men with rifles.|Jeff Cooper, The Art of the Rifle}}

Scout rifle

Greatly influenced by the life and writings of Frederick Russell Burnham, Cooper published an article in the 1980s describing his ideal of a general-purpose rifle, "... a short, light, handy, versatile, utility rifle", which Cooper dubbed a "scout rifle".^[11] This was a bolt-action carbine chambered in .30 caliber (7.62 mm), less than 1 meter in length, less than 3 kilograms in weight, with iron sights, a forward mounted optical sight (long eye relief scope), and fitted with a practical sling (such as Ching sling). Cooper defined his goal: "... a general-purpose rifle is a conveniently portable, individually operated firearm, capable of striking a single decisive blow, on a live target of up to 200 kilos in weight, at any distance at which the operator can shoot with the precision necessary to place a shot in a vital area of the target". Cooper felt the scout rifle should be suited to a man operating like the scout Burnham, either alone or in a two- or three-man team.^[12]

In late 1997, Steyr Mannlicher produced a rifle to his "Scout" specifications, with Cooper's oversight during the engineering and manufacturing process. While not a spectacular sales success, these rifles nevertheless sold quite well and are still being produced. Cooper considered the Steyr Scout "perfect" and often made the point that "I've got mine!" Riflemen{{Who|date=May 2015}} regard Cooper's development of the Scout Rifle concept, and his subsequent work on the evolution of the Steyr-Mannlicher Scout rifle, as his most significant and enduring contributions to riflecraft. Ruger (Gunsite Scout Rifle), Savage Arms, Springfield Armory, and Mossberg have made versions of the Scout Rifle as well.

Writing

In 1997, Cooper wrote that he coined the term hoplophobia in 1962 "in response to a perceived need for a word to describe a mental aberration consisting of an unreasoning terror of gadgetry, specifically, weapons."^[13]

In addition to his books on firearms and self-defense, Cooper wrote several books recounting his life adventures plus essays and short stories, including Fire Works (1980); Another Country: Personal Adventures of the Twentieth Century (1992); To Ride, Shoot Straight and Speak the Truth (1988); and C Stories (2004). His daughter Lindy Wisdom published a biography, Jeff Cooper: the Soul and the Spirit (1996).

Jeff Cooper was regarded as one of the world's foremost authorities on big-game hunting.

Some of the comments from his "Gunsite Gossip" newsletter were printed in Guns & Ammo magazine as "Cooper's Corner" and later were compiled into The Gargantuan Gunsite Gossip. These were his thoughts on firearms interleavened with his wide-ranging musings on many other subjects, and acquired a large U.S. and international following from the 1980s up to his death. The firearms guru famous quotes became known as "Cooperism" and reflects on his philosophy and doctrine that has shaped the modern firearms world. Additionally Cooper wrote extensively and advocated firearms rights.

A complete bibliography of Jeff Cooper's writings from 1947 onwards is available at the Jeff Cooper Bibliography Project.^[14]

Cooper was the Founding President and Honorary Lifetime Chairman of the International Practical Shooting Confederation. However, he was critical of the way he believed IPSC departed from the original focus on practical weapons toward what he called rooney guns highly modified pistols that he believed were not appropriate for practical daily service.{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}} Numerous of his "Gunsite Gossip" and "Cooper's Corner" articles dealt with this issue and the "gamesmen" who he believed had caused IPSC to deteriorate.{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}}

Personal life

Cooper was married to his wife Janelle for 64 years. They had three daughters.^[1] He died at his home on September 25, 2006, at the age of 86.^[15]

Political views

Cooper held strongly conservative political opinions.^[16] In 1991, he wrote in Guns & Ammo magazine that "no more than five to ten people in a hundred who die by gunfire in Los Angeles are any loss to society. These people fight small wars amongst themselves. It would seem a valid social service to keep them well-supplied with ammunition."^[16]^[17] In 1994, Cooper said "Los Angeles and Ho Chi Minh City have declared themselves sister cities. It makes sense: they are both Third World metropolises formerly occupied by Americans."^[18] Cooper had expressed support of Jonas Savimbi,^[19] the governments of Rhodesia and apartheid-era South Africa,^[20] and

See also

References

1. ^¹²³{{cite news|last =McLellan |first=Dennis |title =Jeff Cooper, 86; Firearms Expert Set Standard for Pistol Technique| date=1 October 2006 |work =Los Angeles Times |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2006/oct/01/local/me-cooper1 |accessdate=2011-03-09}}
2. ^Morrison, G. and Cooper, J., "The Modern Technique of the Pistol", Paulden: Gunsite Press, 1991.
3. ^{{cite book | last = Sweeney| first = Patrick | authorlink= Patrick Sweeney (gunsmith)|title = The Gun Digest Book of the 1911, Volume 2 | publisher = Gun Digest Books| year = 2001| location =Iola, WI | page =56 | isbn = 978-0-87349-281-2 }}
4. ^Cooper, Jeff, Principles of Personal Defense, Paladin Press, {{ISBN|978-0-87364-497-6}}
5. ^{{cite book |last=Ahern |first=Jerry |year=2010 |title=Gun Digest Buyer's Guide to Concealed-Carry Handguns |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LyoEmeSwGwgC&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q&f=false |location= |publisher=Gun Digest Books |page=60 |isbn=9781440217432 |access-date=March 10, 2015 |quote=The late Colonel Jeff Cooper wrote about color-coded conditions of readiness. ... }}
6. ^{{cite book |last=Rosenberg |first=Joel |year=2011 |title=The Carry Book: Minnesota Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UNCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52#v=onepage&q&f=false |location= |publisher=Elegon |page=52 |isbn=9781257015948 |access-date= }}
7. ^Jeff Cooper, CC Vol. 4, No. 2, January, 1996, GG Vol. 16, No. 2, GGG2, pg. 637.
8. ^{{cite book |last=Ayoob |first=Massad |year=2011 |title=Combat Shooting with Massad Ayoob |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSDMGxsuWBMC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false |location= |publisher=Gun Digest Books |page=11 |isbn=9781440218590 |access-date= }}
9. ^Jeff Cooper, CC Vol. 13, No. 7, July, 2005, GG Vol. 25, No. 7, GGG3, pg. 526-7.
10. ^Jeff Cooper, CC Vol. 11, No. 4, April, 2003, GG Vol. 23, No. 4, GGG3, pg. 277.
11. ^{{cite web|title=Scout Rifle Shangri-La – Happy Birthday Jeff Cooper|journal=Empty Cases |url=http://empty-cases.com/blog/scout-rifle-shangri-la-happy-birthday-jeff-cooper|accessdate=12 May 2016|author=Richard Mann|date=10 May 2016}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Can an AR be a Scout?|url=https://www.shootingillustrated.com/articles/2016/6/6/can-an-ar-be-a-scout|journal=Shooting Illustrated|date=6 June 2016|accessdate=6 June 2016|author=Richard Mann}}
13. ^{{cite book |last=Baum |first=Dan |year=2013 |title=Gun Guys: A Road Trip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wY54BO2J1QYC&pg=PA308#v=onepage&q&f=false |location= |publisher=Knopf Doubleday |page=308 |isbn=9780307962218 |access-date= }}
14. ^The Jeff Cooper Bibliography Project
15. ^{{cite news | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514041649/http://prescottdailycourier.com/main.asp?SectionID=1&SubSectionID=1&ArticleID=41279 |archivedate=2011-05-14 | url=http://prescottdailycourier.com/main.asp?SectionID=1&SubSectionID=1&ArticleID=41279 |title=Cooper, firearms expert, dead at 86 |newspaper=The Daily Courier |location=Prescott, AZ |date=September 26, 2006 |accessdate= 2016-03-09}}
16. ^¹Grossman, Arnold. One Nation Under Guns: An Essay on an American Epidemic, Fulcrum Publishing, 2006 {{ISBN|9781555915575}} (p. 65).
17. ^Vinzant, Carol. Lawyers, Guns, and Money:One Man's Battle with the Gun Industry Palgrave Macmillan, 2005 {{ISBN|9781403966278}} (p.21).
18. ^Crime, Justice, and Society: An Introduction to Criminology Berger, Ronald J., Free, Marvin D., Searles, Patricia. Lynne Rienner Publishing, 2009. {{ISBN|9781588266859}} (p. 174).
19. ^http://www.dvc.org.uk/jeff/jeff10.pdf
20. ^http://harris.dvc.org.uk/jeff/jeff8.pdf
21. ^http://dvc.org.uk/jeff/jeff4.pdf
22. ^CC, Vol. I, No. 1, 1993, "With this issue, I am abandoning the editorial 'we' along with reference to Gunsite in the title since I no longer exercise control over the output of the Gunsite Press. What may henceforth appear as 'Gunsite Gossip' will be a censored and abbreviated version of my periodical commentary. ... "

Early life and education