“Conservative liberalism”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Conservative liberalism is a variant of liberalism, combining liberal values and policies with conservative stances, or simply representing the right-wing of the liberal movement.^[1] It is a more positive and less radical variant of classical liberalism.^[2] Conservative liberal parties tend to combine market liberal policies with more traditional stances on social and ethical issues.{{specify|date=August 2016}}^[3] Neoconservatism has also been identified as an ideological relative or twin to conservative liberalism,^[4] and some similarities exist also between conservative liberalism and national liberalism.

Overview

"Instead of following progressive liberalism (i.e. social liberalism)," Robert Kraynak, a professor at Colgate University, writes, "conservative liberals draw upon pre-modern sources, such as classical philosophy (with its ideas of virtue, the common good, and natural rights), Christianity (with its ideas of natural law, the social nature of man, and original sin), and ancient institutions (such as common law, corporate bodies, and social hierarchies). This gives their liberalism a conservative foundation. It means following Plato, Aristotle, St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, and Edmund Burke rather than Locke or Kant; it usually includes a deep sympathy for the politics of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and Christian monarchies. But, as realists, conservative liberals acknowledge that classical and medieval politics cannot be restored in the modern world. And, as moralists, they see that the modern experiment in liberty and self-government has the positive effect of enhancing human dignity as well as providing an opening (even in the midst of mass culture) for transcendent longings for eternity. At its practical best, conservative liberalism promotes ordered liberty under God and establishes constitutional safeguards against tyranny. It shows that a regime of liberty based on traditional morality and classical-Christian culture is an achievement we can be proud of, rather than merely defensive about, as trustees of Western civilization".^[5]

In the European context, conservative liberalism should not be confused with liberal conservatism, which is a variant of conservatism combining conservative views with liberal policies in regards to the economy, social and ethical issues.^[3] The roots of conservative liberalism are to be found at the beginning of the history of liberalism. Until the two world wars, in most European countries the political class was formed by conservative liberals, from Germany to Italy. The events such as World War I occurring after 1917 brought the more radical version of classical liberalism to a more conservative (i.e. more moderate) type of liberalism.^[6] Conservative liberal parties have tended to develop in those European countries where there was no strong secular conservative party and where the separation of church and state was less of an issue. In those countries, where the conservative parties were Christian democratic, this conservative brand of liberalism developed.^[1]^[7]

In the United States neoconservatives might be classified as conservative liberals, according to Peter Lawler, a professor at Berry College: "[I]n America today, responsible liberals—who are usually called neoconservatives—see that liberalism depends on human beings who are somewhat child-centered, patriotic, and religious. These responsible liberals praise these non-individualistic human propensities in an effort to shore up liberalism. One of their slogans is 'conservative sociology with liberal politics.' The neoconservatives recognize that the politics of free and rational individuals depends upon a pre-political social world that is far from free and rational as a whole".^[8] In the American context, conservative liberalism as well as liberal conservatism should not be confused with libertarian conservatism, influenced by right-libertarianism.

Conservative liberal parties worldwide

Conservative liberal parties or parties with conservative liberal factions

Historical conservative liberal parties or parties with conservative liberal factions

See also

References

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹M. Gallagher, M. Laver and P. Mair, Representative Government in Europe, p. 221.
2. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=1wiNKcJzwYQC&lpg=PA1&ots=QRRG5FD9Ro&dq=Beyond%20Liberalism&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q=&f=false R.T. Allen, Beyond Liberalism, p. 2.]
3. ^¹http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/content.html
4. ^[https://isistatic.org/journal-archive/ir/39_01_2/lawler.pdf Liberal Conservatism, Not Conservative Liberalism - Roger Scruton]
5. ^Robert Kraynak, Living with liberalism, The New Criterion, 2005
6. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=1wiNKcJzwYQC&lpg=PA1&ots=QRRG5FD9Ro&dq=Beyond%20Liberalism&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q=&f=false R.T. Allen, Beyond Liberalism, p. 13.]
7. ^¹Libéralisme conservateur - WikiPolitique
8. ^Peter Lawler, Liberal Conservatism, Not Conservative Liberalism, The Intercollegiate Review, Fall 2003/Spring 2004
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