| 词条 | Jewish American literature |
| 释义 |
Jewish American literature holds an essential place in the literary history of the United States. It encompasses traditions of writing in English, primarily, as well as in other languages, the most important of which has been Yiddish. While critics and authors generally acknowledge the notion of a distinctive corpus and practice of writing about Jewishness in America, many writers resist being pigeonholed as "Jewish voices." Also, many nominally Jewish writers cannot be considered representative of Jewish American literature, one example being Isaac Asimov. BeginningsBeginning with the memoirs and petitions composed by the Sephardic immigrants who arrived in America during the mid 17th century, Jewish American writing grew over the subsequent centuries to flourish in other genres as well, including fiction, poetry, and drama. The first notable voice in Jewish- American literature was Emma Lazarus whose poem "The New Colossus" on the Statue of Liberty became the great hymnal of American immigration. Gertrude Stein became one of the most influential prose-stylists of the early 20th century. The early twentieth century saw the appearance of two pioneering American Jewish novels: Abraham Cahan's "The Rise of David Levinsky" and Henry Roth's "Call it Sleep." It reached some of its most mature expression in the 20th century "Jewish American novels" by Saul Bellow, J. D. Salinger, Norman Mailer, Bernard Malamud, Chaim Potok, and Philip Roth. Their work explored the conflicting pulls between secular society and Jewish tradition which were acutely felt by the immigrants who passed through Ellis Island and by their children and grandchildren. Present dayMore recent authors like Nicole Krauss, Paul Auster, Michael Chabon, Jonathan Safran Foer, Alan Kaufman, Lev Raphael and Art Spiegelman have continued to examine dilemmas of identity in their work, turning their attention especially to the Holocaust and the trends of both ongoing assimilation and cultural rediscovery exhibited by younger generations of American Jews. Arguably the most influential of all American Jewish novels was Leon Uris' Exodus.{{Fact|date=May 2018}} Its story of the struggle to create the modern state of Israel translated into Russian became the inspiration for hundreds of thousands of Russian immigrants to Israel. Modern Jewish American novels often contain (a few or many) Jewish characters and address issues and themes of importance to Jewish American society such as assimilation, Zionism/Israel, and antisemitism, along with the recent phenomenon known as "New antisemitism." Three Jewish-American writers have won the Nobel Prize in Literature, Isaac Bashevis Singer, Saul Bellow, and Joseph Brodsky. Magazines such as The New Yorker have proved to be instrumental in exposing many Jewish American writers to a wider reading public. Stereotypes of Jews{{main|Stereotypes of Jews in literature}}Although Jewish stereotypes first appeared in works by non-Jewish writers, after World War II, it was often Jewish American writers themselves who evoked such fixed images. The prevalence of antisemitic stereotypes in the works of such authors has sometimes been interpreted an expression of self-hatred; however, Jewish American authors have also used these negative stereotypes in order to refute them.[1] However, American-Jewish literature has also strongly celebrated American life. It has been primarily more an American than a Jewish literature. Perhaps the preeminent example of this is the great breakthrough novel of Saul Bellow The Adventures of Augie March. According to Sanford V. Sternlicht, the first generation of Jewish-American authors presented "realistic portrayals - warts and all" of Jewish immigrants. In contrast, some second or third-generation Jewish-American authors deliberately "reinforced negative stereotypes with satire and a selective realism".[2] See also
References1. ^{{cite book |title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Multiethnic American Literature: I - M |first=Emmanuel Sampath|last=Nelson |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Company |year=2005 |page=1175 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9Xk28_4NBoC&pg=PA1175&dq=Stereotypes+Jews+literature&hl=en&ei=3ADaTYq5J4i6sQOLkISGDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Stereotypes%20Jews%20literature&f=false}} 2. ^{{cite book |last1=Sternlicht |first1=Sanford |title=Masterpieces of Jewish American literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-YII_WikhAC&pg=PA8&dq=Stereotypes+Jews+literature&hl=en&ei=hgvaTZLuFZDQsAOL3M2MDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBzge#v=onepage&q=Stereotypes%20Jews%20literature&f=false |accessdate=November 22, 2011 |year=2007 |page=8 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |location=Westport, CT, USA |isbn=978-0-313-33857-1 |oclc=76183866}} Further reading
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4 : Yiddish-language literature|Jewish-American history|Jewish theatre|Jewish American literature |
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