“Jews outside Europe under Axis occupation”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

From Latvia to Libya and Iraq, there was no exception in the Nazis policy of racial discrimination and physical annihilation of the Jews. As stated by Yehuda Bauer, academic advisor at Yad Vashem, "regarding the Jews, the perpetrators were equal opportunity killers."

Jews in political/imperial Europe under Axis occupation suffered greatly in the Axis countries during the Holocaust and World War II:

In European North Africa

There were 400,000 Jews in France's territories in North Africa (French Algeria, which was an integral part of France, and the French protectorates of Morocco and Tunisia). They were included in the number relevant to "the Final Solution to the Jewish Question in Europe" under: "France/unoccupied territory 700,000 (see Sir Martin Gilbert's the Dent Atlas of the Holocaust, p. 99)

The Jews of Denmark and European North Africa were spared the mass deportations that happened in the rest of Europe.

Jews of Italian Libya in the Shoah

Libya was under Italian rule. The Jews, who were British and Italian subjects, suffered from anti-Semitism and economic restrictions as a result of the tightening of the relations with Germany. From 1942 laws of racial discrimination were activated in Libya and men between the ages of 18-45 were recruited to forced labor and thousands died from hunger and epidemics. In February of that year the Germans ordered the transferring of the Jews to concentration camps.

Jews of Vichy-Algeria in the Shoah

Jews of Vichy-Tunisia in the Shoah

Tunisia was also under pro-Nazi Vichy rule which extended its anti-Jewish measures also to Morocco and Algeria. In November 1942 Nazi Germany occupied French Tunisia during six months, until May 1943. SS Oberstrumbannführer Walter Rauff, a brutal and notorious killer involved in the development of death gas vans and the Final Solution in Eastern Europe, was posted as commander of Tunis. From July 1942 until May 1943, he headed an Einsatzkommando to take care of the Jewish Question in Tunisia, and to continue to implement the Final Solution in Vichy-Tunisia. Oswald Pohl, charged by Himmler to organize the camps in Eastern Europe joined him. Despite constant attacks by the Allies, Rauff instigated drastic anti-Jewish policies.

The Nazis established a local Judenrat, took hostages, confiscated the property of the Jews (aryanization) and imposed on the community heavy financial punishments. The community was required to provide the needs of the German army, and the synagogue become a German storeroom.^[1] The Jews were marked with the Yellow badge, 5,000 Jews were sent to more than 30 slave labor camps in Tunisia and a few were sent to the extermination camps. Many Jews were murdered by means of being shot in their homes, Death marches, hunger, diseases and bombings.

Tunisia was liberated by the Allies in May 1943, and the persecution of the Jews ceased. It was the first Jewish community to be liberated from Nazi Germany.^[3]

Jews of Vichy-Morocco in the Shoah

In 1940, the Nazi-controlled Vichy government issued antisemitic decrees excluding Jews from public functions and imposing the wear of yellow Magen David star.^[1] Sultan Mohamed V refused to apply these laws and, as sign of defiance, insisted on inviting all the rabbis of Morocco to the 1941 throne celebrations.^[4]

In Asia

Jews of Iraq in the Shoah

While not under occupation of Nazi Germany, Iraq was, for a short term, under the Nazi-allied regime of Rashid Ali al-Gaylani. While the regime did not last long, the Farhud (a pogrom in which 180 Jews died) is considered among its results.

Jews in Japan and China

Prior to the war there was a small Jewish presence in Japan, particularly Kobe, which consisted of Jews originating predominantly from Russia, as well as those from the Middle East, Eastern Europe and the United States. In Japanese-occupied China there was a more significant Jewish population, including White Russian refugees and Baghdadi Jews.^[5] As Jewish persecution in Europe stepped up an increasing number of refugees travelled to China by steamship or had transited through the Soviet Union and were hoping to move on to the United States. Most of these Jews were concentrated in the Shanghai International Settlement.^[6]

When Japan entered the war many Jews were interned, including the Baghdadi Jews who were identified as British subjects. The Japanese implemented strict measures to control the activities of the Shanghai ghetto who were restricted in 1943 to a one square mile city block shared with 100,000 Chinese. However despite repeated requests from Nazi Germany to implement anti-semitic policies, including exterminating the Jewish population in the Shanghai ghetto, the Jewish population was generally left alone (apart from wartime privations).^[6]

References

1. ^¹²³{{cite web|author=Sheryl Ochayon|title=The International School for Holocaust Studies|url=http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/newsletter/25/algeria_marocco.asp|work=Yad Vashem|accessdate=26 September 2013}}
2. ^[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/07/AR2006120701877.html The Schindlers of the Middle East]
3. ^{{cite web|title=JEWS IN NORTH AFRICA: OPPRESSION AND RESISTANCE|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007312|work=USHMM|accessdate=26 September 2013}}
4. ^Moroccan Jews pay homage to `protector' - Haaretz - Israel News
5. ^{{cite web|title=Jewish Life during the Holocaust|url=http://holocaustcenterpgh.org/page.aspx?id=148359|work=Jewish Federation|accessdate=26 September 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914064201/http://holocaustcenterpgh.org/page.aspx?id=148359|archivedate=14 September 2013|df=}}
6. ^¹{{cite web|title=The Holocaust: Japan & the Jews|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/japan.html|work=Jewish Virtual Library|accessdate=26 September 2013}}