| 词条 | Constitutional Convention (Australia) |
| 释义 |
In Australian history, the term Constitutional Convention refers to four distinct gatherings. 1891 conventionThe 1891 Constitutional Convention was held in Sydney in March 1891 to consider a draft Constitution for the proposed federation of the British colonies in Australia and New Zealand. There were 46 delegates at the Convention, chosen by the seven colonial parliaments. Among the delegates was Sir Henry Parkes, known as the "Father of Federation". The Convention approved a draft largely written by Andrew Inglis Clark and Samuel Griffith,[1][2] but the colonial parliaments failed to act to give effect to it. 1897–1898 conventionThe next constitutional convention – the Australasian Federal Convention – was held in stages in 1897–98. Unlike the first convention, the delegates were elected by popular vote.[3] It met first in Adelaide in March 1897, secondly in Sydney in August, and thirdly in Melbourne in the sweltering heat of January 1898. The intervals between the sessions were used for intense debate in the colonial parliaments and for public discussion of the draft constitution. Since 1891 New Zealand had lost interest in federating with the Australian colonies, and was not represented. In Queensland, the parliament had not passed the necessary legislation, so the northern colony was also unrepresented. In the other five colonies ten delegates from each colony were elected by the people, although Western Australian attendance was sporadic. At Melbourne the convention finally produced a draft constitution which was eventually approved by the people at referendums in the colonies. 1973 conventionThe 1973 Constitutional Convention was established by the Whitlam government in 1973 to consider possible amendments to the Constitution which could be put to the people for approval at a referendum. The Convention, which was not elected but consisted of delegates chosen by the federal and state Parliaments, met through 1973–75 but was mired in the partisan atmosphere of the Whitlam years and achieved nothing. 1998 convention{{main|Australian Constitutional Convention 1998}}The 1998 Constitutional Convention met in Canberra in February 1998. The Convention was convened by Prime Minister John Howard to fulfill a promise made by his predecessor as Liberal leader, Alexander Downer. During the Convention, Prime Minister John Howard dedicated an area of parkland to the south-east of Old Parliament House as Constitution Place, Canberra. The Convention consisted of 152 delegates, of whom half were elected by the people and half were appointed by the federal government. This latter group included senior federal, state and territory politicians appointed by virtue of their positions. The Convention was divided into four philosophical groups: those wanting to retain Australia's existing constitutional monarchy, those wanting Australia to become a republic with a president chosen by the Parliament ("indirect electionists"), those wanting Australia to become a republic with a president elected by the people ("direct electionists"), and those having no fixed position or seeking a compromise between the other groups.[4] In the fourth group, Republicans dominated both subgroups, but proved far from united in their views. At the opening of the Convention, Prime Minister John Howard stated: {{quote|If this Convention does not express a clear view on a preferred republican alternative, then the people will be asked – after the next election – to vote in a preliminary plebiscite which presents them with all the reasonable alternatives.Then a formal constitutional referendum offering a choice between the present system and the republican alternative receiving most support in the preliminary plebiscite would follow.|Prime Minister John Howard, 2 February 1998.[5]}} 73 delegates voted in favour of the Bi-partisan appointment model, 57 against and 22 abstained. Not one constitutional monarchist delegate voted in favour. The policy of Australians for Constitutional Monarchy (ACM) and other monarchist groups was to oppose all republican models, including the minimalist McGarvie model. In response, John Howard stated to the Convention: {{quote|The only commonsense interpretation of this Convention is, firstly, that a majority of people have voted generically in favour of a republic... Secondly, amongst the republican models, the one that has just got 73 votes is clearly preferred. When you bind those two together, it would be a travesty in commonsense terms of Australian democracy for that proposition not to be put to the Australian people. Moreover, it would represent a cynical dishonouring of my word as Prime Minister and the promises that my coalition made to the Australian people before the last election.|Prime Minister John Howard on 13 February 1998.[6]}}A number of republicans who supported direct election abstained from the vote (such as Ted Mack, Phil Cleary, Clem Jones and Andrew Gunter), thereby allowing the bi-partisan model to succeed.[4] They reasoned that the model would be defeated at a referendum, and a second referendum called with direct election as the model.[7] See also
References1. ^{{cite book|last=La Nauze|first=J. A.|title=The Making of the Australian Constitution|location=Melbourne|publisher=Melbourne U.P.|year=1972}} 2. ^{{cite book|last=Williams|first=John M.|title=The Australian Constitution: a Documentary History|location=Melbourne|publisher=Melbourne U.P.|year=2005|pages=34–458}} 3. ^1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 1909 4. ^1 Vizard, Steve, Two Weeks in Lilliput: Bear Baiting and Backbiting At the Constitutional Convention (Penguin, 1998, {{ISBN|0-14-027983-0}}) 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Hansard/conv/con0202.pdf|title=Constitutional Convention Hansard|publisher=Parliament of Australia|date=2 February 1998}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Hansard/conv/con1302.pdf |title=Constitutional Convention |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108183541/http://www.aph.gov.au/hansard/conv/con1302.pdf |archivedate=8 January 2011 |df= }} 7. ^{{Cite book|title=Fighting For the Republic|author=Malcolm Turnbull|location=South Yarra|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|year=1999|page=32}} Further reading
External links
7 : Australian constitutional law|Republicanism in Australia|Constitutional conventions (political meeting)|History of Australia (1851–1900)|Political history of Australia|Legal history of Australia|Conventions in Australia |
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