| 词条 | Contarini | |||||||||
| 释义 |
FamilyThe House of Contarini is one of the twelve founding families of the Venetian Republic[1], the apostolic families, and were and remain through extended family consanguinity present in the Veneto's population, represented in over twenty auxiliary and cadet noble branches {{cn|date=December 2017}}that include ranks currently among European sovereign, royal and aristocratic descendants.{{cn|date=December 2017}} In the male line the family went extinct in Venice, but a branch remains in Sicily today.[14] With the arrival of Alvise Contarini in Syracuse at the invitation of Martin I of Sicily this branch of the family was established in Sicily in 1394, the year in which Alvise married Cesarea Modica of Baron Pietro di Modica.[14] Alvise Contarini was given the fiefdoms of San Giacomo Belmineo and Solarino as part of the dowry. In 1406 he was elected mayor of Syracuse,[7] followed by numerous other communal, ministerial and military official positions for his descendants[14][7] in the Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Italy after the Risorgimento.[8] In Sicily the family carries the title Duke of Castrofilippo.[9] 853 AD marks the first officially verified documentation of the Contarini in the Republic of Venice, with Andrea Contarini named in the testament of Orso Partecipazio, son of Giovanni I Participazio.[10] According to manuscripts[6][4] in the Biblioteca Marciana and the family archives[6] the Contarini claim direct descent of the Roman gens Aurelii Cottae through Publius Aurelius Cotta, son of Marcus Aurelius Cotta (consul in 74 BC and maternal uncle of Julius Caesar), who transferred his family to Padua. His grandson, Lucius Aurelius Cotta was elected prefect of the Reno; the area around the Reno near Bologna. His first and second son and his male grandchildren continued in this position and added the cognomen Reno, becoming Cotta Reno or Cottareno. The last person to register Cottareno was Marcus Aurelius Cottareno in Padua in 290 AD and subsequently the family name was written as Contareno, or Contarini in Venetian (both the Latin and Venetian denomination of the family name have been used interchangeably since).[6][4][5][2] In 338 AD Marcus Aurelius Contareno (or Marco Aurelio Contarini in Venetian), prefect of Concordia under Constantine I, was the first Contarini to permanently move his residence to the Venetian area.[2] In 425 another Marcus Aurelius Contarini took part in the third Consular Triumvirate[30][31] of Rialto, following the invasions of the Goths under Alaric I, who from 402 pillaged the rich provinces of Istria and Venetia and sacked Rome in 410. From the outset the affairs of the early exiles in the islands of the Venetian lagoon were managed by Roman Consuls elected at Padua, including the Contarini.[31] Following the invasion by the Huns of Attila in 452 and the destruction of the large Roman cities of Padua and Aquileia, the islands became a more permanent refuge for the swelling number of exiles.[31][11] In 466 the exiles decided upon a form of self-government through the annual election of Tribunes, who ultimately in 539 came under Byzantine rule through the Exarch of Ravenna, forming a loose association of islands with its capital in Eraclea. According to tradition, in 697 under the guidance of the Patriarch of Grado, twelve Tribunes ruling the Byzantine district of Venice elected the first Doge in Eraclea, forming the independent Republic of Venice.[12] One of these Tribunes was Marcus Aurelius Contarini.[4] Twentieth century studies, however, cast doubt on the historicity of the first Doge Paolo Luccio Anafesto and his successor Doge Marcello Tegalliano,[13] suggesting that only following the murder of the Byzantine viceroy Paul Exarch of Ravenna, did the inhabitants of the islands chose their first Doge, Orso Ipato from Eraclea.[11] Whoever was historically the first, the Contarini family has since the earliest Venetian chronicles been associated with the birth of the Republic and election of the first Doge. They formed part of the 'duodecim nobiliorum proles Venetiarum' (or the 'twelve noblest families of Venice') and the 12 apostolic families, the oldest of the 247 patrician families in the Great Council following the Serrata of 1297.[14] As the first inhabitants in the lagoon came from what were provinces of Rome in the 5th century, the Rialto initially being governed by a Consular Triumvirate elected at Padua and subsequently by Tribunes who were elected from among the most prominent members in their former Roman communes, it is not uncommon among the oldest Venetian patrician families to find Roman ancestry (e.g. Quirini descended from gens Sulpicii Quirini, Marcello descended from gens Claudii Marcelli),[4][5][42] families who often kept their praenomina traditions and preserved their genealogy. The older branch Aurelli Cottae of the gens Aurelia came to prominence with the election of Gaius Aurelius Cotta as consul in 252 BC and again in 248 BC during the First Punic War and by the time Publius Aurelius Cotta moved to Padua four of his patrilineal ancestors, including his father, had achieved consulship in the Roman Republic. In the Republic of Venice in 1043 Domenico I was elected and became the first Doge in the family Contarini. By 1797, when the last Doge was forced to abdicate, the family had produced eight Doges of their own - the greatest number of Doges in one family. The Contarini count as well 44 Procurators of San Marco, the second most prestigious life appointment after that of the Doge, plus various important ambassadors, diplomats, cardinals and navy commanders among them (in the famous Battle of Lepanto no less than 6 ships were commanded by Contarini). The Republic, in one form or another, lasted as a functioning independent state for over 1100 years until Napoleon's march into Venice sounded its demise.[11] Like Carthage, Athens and Rome, Venice overcame a territorial disadvantage, grew into a great city, and from a great city became a great empire. The power of Carthage was chiefly maritime, that of Athens chiefly military; but Rome and Venice obtained supremacy both by sea and land. Marvellously in advance of her contemporaries in all her institutions and ideas. The Contarini led the Venetian Republic forward through ever changing ages and commensurate with ample changes in trade, technology, trade, science, religion, art, banking and finance as well as in diplomacy and war. Andrea Palladio, who was employed by the Contarini and their relatives, designed several of the most outstanding neo-classical structures in the Veneto’s environs. Importantly, his works satisfied his clients, which, full-circle, he had helped to create. Many such works are found to have often favored a minimalist, if neo-classical, dialog among their design elements. A passion for purity of line, scale and proportion were fundamental to and codified in Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura, detailing vital points of design interest for architecture and decoration enthusiasts and professionals, and remains used by architecture students even today.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}} Notable members
See also
References{{Nuttall}}1. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=FitzSimons|first=Anna Katelin|date=December 2013|title=THE POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND MILITARY DECLINE OF VENICE LEADING UP TO 1797|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc407798/m2/1/high_res_d/thesis.pdf|journal=UNT Theses and Dissertations|volume=|pages=42|via=}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Contarini, House of}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 https://archive.org/details/teatroaraldicose02tett, Leone Tettoni. Teatro araldico ovvero raccolta generale delle armi ed insegne gentilizie delle piu illustri e nobili casate che esisterono un tempo e che tutora fioriscono in tutta l'italia, 1841. pagina 578 - 591 3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Puga, Trefler|first=Diego, Daniel|date=7 March 2014|title=International Trade and Institutional Change: Medieval Venice's Response to Globalization|url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/129/2/753/1868053|journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics|volume=Volume 129, Issue 2|pages=801|via=}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 Girolamo Alessandro Cappellari Vivaro. Il Campidoglio veneto. 5. ^1 2 3 4 Antonio Longo. Dell'origine e provenienza in Venezia de cittadini originarj 6. ^1 2 3 Marco Barbaro. L'Origine e discendenza delle famiglie patrizie. 7. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://archivia.unict.it/bitstream/10761/978/1/GNLGPP51L09I754E-Urbs%20fidelissima.pdfa.pdf|title=Urbs fidelissima. Il governo di Siracusa durante la Camera reginale (1282-1536)|last=Agnello|first=Giuseppe|date=2011|website=|publisher=UNIVERSITÀ DI CATANIA FACOLTÀ DI LETTERE E FILOSOFIA|access-date=}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://notes9.senato.it/web/senregno.nsf/c9a692e20ea5e59dc125785e003c094c/8d4075ca4a1b4ba34125646f005a630f?OpenDocument|title=Senatori del Regno (1848-1943)|last=|first=|date=|website=Senato della Repubblica|archive-url=|archivedate=|dead-url=|accessdate=23 April 2018}} 9. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=http://www.regione.sicilia.it/beniculturali/bibliotecacentrale/mango/coniglio.htm|title=NOBILIARIO DI SICILIA. Vol. 2 - Notizie e stemmi relativi alle famiglie nobili siciliane|last=Mango di Casalgerardo|first=Antonino|date=1912|website=|publisher=A. Reber, Palermo|access-date=}} 10. ^http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eta-ducale-la-societa-e-gli-ordinamenti-famiglie-e-affermazione-politica_(Storia-di-Venezia)/, {{cite book|title=Storia di Venezia|volume=Vol. 1 - Origini, Età ducale - Famiglie e affermazione politica|author=Andrea Castagnetti}} 11. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=A History of Venice|last=Norwich|first=John Julius|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|year=1982|location=New York|authorlink=John Julius Norwich}} 12. ^John the Deacon. Chronicon Sagornini. 13. ^{{DBI|author=Giorgio Ravegnani|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/anafesto-paoluccio_(Dizionario_Biografico)/ |title=Paoluccio Anafesto|volume=81}} 14. ^Chojnacki, Stanley, La formazione della nobiltà dopo la Serrata, in Arnaldi, Girolamo; Cracco, Giorgio; Tenenti, Alberto (a cura di), Storia di Venezia dalle origini alla caduta della Serenissima, 3. La formazione dello stato patrizio, Roma, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 1997, pp. 641-725. 15. ^1 {{Cite book|title=Il Corelio|last=Zabarella|first=Giacomo|year=1664|isbn=|location=|pages=}} 16. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite book|title=The Venetian Republic|last=Hazlitt|first=W. Carew|publisher=Adam and Charles Black|year=1915|isbn=|location=London|pages=}} 17. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite book|title=Blasone Veneto, o gentlizie insegne delle famiglie patrizie.|last=Coronelli|first=Vincenzo|year=1706|isbn=|location=|pages=}} 4 : Italian noble families|Surnames|Republic of Venice families|House of Contarini |
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