| 词条 | John Bellers |
| 释义 |
John Bellers (1654 – 8 February 1725) was an English educational theorist and Quaker, author of Proposals for Raising a College of Industry of All Useful Trades and Husbandry (1695). LifeBellers was born in London, the son of the Quaker Francis Bellers and Mary Read. Unable to attend University or join a profession as a result of his religion, John was educated as an apprentice cloth merchant.{{sfn|Clarke|1987|p=3}} He rapidly became active in Meetings and in the Quaker community as a whole, purchasing {{convert|10000|acre|km2}} of land in Pennsylvania in 1685 for Hugenot refugees for example. William Penn was a close friend. He married a fellow Quaker, Frances Fettiplace, in 1686, and they had six children between 1687 and 1695, although one died shortly after birth.{{sfn|Clarke|1987|pp=5-6}} From 1695 to his death in 1725, he was continually involved in writing innovative tracts on social issues, including education, health provision, care for the poor, support for refugees, a plan for a European State, and an argument for the abolition of capital punishment, making him "the first European advocate of the abolition of capital punishment".{{sfn|Hitchcock|2004}} He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in February, 1719.[1] On his death in London in 1725 he was buried in the Quaker Burying Ground, Bunhill Fields. His son Fettiplace Bellers (1687-1750) was a dramatist and philosophical writer. Proposals for Raising a College of Industry of All Useful Trades and Husbandry (1695)Bellers' essay is a proposal for a "College of Industry", a sort of colony for the poor - those who depend on their work or on charity for their living. Bellers argued that it was in the interest of the rich "to take care of the poor and their education". Bellers dedicated the first edition to his fellow Quakers, although the College was to be a "Civil Fellowship rather than a religious one." The first edition of the pamphlet ends with an appeal for funding - An Epistle to Friends Concerning the education of Children - in favour of the College, signed by about forty-five leading Quakers. They included William Penn, Robert Barclay, Thomas Ellwood, John Hodgskin, Leonard Fell and Charles Marshall. The second edition (1696) was dedicated to Parliament. The Quaker Workhouse at Clerkenwell was established in 1702 as a result of his efforts.{{sfn|Hitchcock|1987|pages=7–23}}[2] The combination of agriculture and manufacture would enable self-sufficiency and even profit. Bellers argued that if all "the present idle hands of the poor of this nation" were put to work, it would bring England "as much treasure as the mines do Spain".[3] The plans for the education of children at the College were ahead of their time. Practice and experience were to be valued over rote-learning. Bellers advocated the combination of learning and work as a way of preventing idleness. Karl Marx mentions Bellers in Chapter 25 of Das Kapital, quoting Bellers' argument that "the labour of the poor [is] the mines [sic] of the rich". Bellers is also quoted in a footnote in Chapter 23 of Das Kapital; "Labour [is] as proper for the body’s health as eating is for its living [...] Labour adds Oyl to the Lamp of Life when thinking Inflames it".{{sfn|Bernstein1980|loc=Chapter XVII}} Robert Owen read the proposals in 1817, and in a letter to The Times acknowledged their resemblance to the community he himself had created at New Lanark. He had 1,000 copies reprinted that year.{{sfn|Hitchcock|2004}} Eduard Bernstein saw Bellers as a precursor of socialism, if not communism, highlighting his argument for valuing goods according to labour, not money.{{sfn|Bernstein1980|loc=Chapter XVII}} About the Improvement of Physick (1714)Bellers advocated a national system of hospitals, which were to treat the poor and act as training schools for new doctors. Eduard Bernstein saw in this essay an anticipation of a national health service.{{sfn|Bernstein1980|loc=Chapter XVII}} Works
Notes1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=1&dsqSearch=%28Surname%3D%27bellers%27%29 |title=Library and Archive Catalogue |publisher=Royal Society |accessdate=12 December 2010}} 2. ^{{cite ODNB|id=18130|title=Marshall, Charles|first=Caroline L.|last=Leachman}} 3. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=8EcDAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Industry brings plenty] (Reprint, Headley bros., n.d) p. 22. References
Further reading
10 : 1654 births|1725 deaths|Burials at Bunhill Fields|English educational theorists|English Quakers|English essayists|Fellows of the Royal Society|British anti–death penalty activists|English male non-fiction writers|British male essayists |
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