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词条 Contrasting and categorization of emotions
释义

  1. Lists of emotions

     Basic emotions  Contrasting basic emotions  HUMAINE's proposal for EARL  Parrott's emotions by groups  Plutchik's wheel of emotions  Gallery  The Hourglass of Emotions  The Book of Human Emotions  Mapping facial expressions  Emotional equations  Atlas of Emotions  Emotion and Stress 

  2. See also

  3. References

  4. External links

{{Dynamic list}}{{Multiple issues|{{Reorganise|date=December 2018}}{{Lede too short|date=November 2017}}{{Expert needed|Psychology|date=December 2018}}}}{{Emotion}}

The contrasting and categorization of emotions describes how emotions are thought to relate to each other. Several proposals have been made for organizing them into groups.

Lists of emotions

Humans experience emotion, with evidence used that they influence action, thoughts and behavior. Emotions are categorized into various affects, which correspond to the current situation.[1] An affect is a term used to describe the range of feeling experienced.[2] Both positive and negative emotions are needed in our daily lives.[3]

Many theories of emotion have been proposed[4], with contrasting views.[5]

Basic emotions

  • William James in 1890 proposed four basic emotions: fear, grief, love, and rage, based on bodily involvement.[6]
  • Paul Ekman identified six basic emotions: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise.[7] Wallace V. Friesen and Phoebe C. Ellsworth worked with him on the same basic structure.[8] The emotions can be linked to facial expressions. In the 1990s, Ekman proposed an expanded list of basic emotions, including a range of positive and negative emotions that are not all encoded in facial muscles.[9] The newly included emotions are: Amusement, Contempt, Contentment, Embarrassment, Excitement, Guilt, Pride in achievement, Relief, Satisfaction, Sensory pleasure, and Shame.[9]
  • Richard and Bernice Lazarus in 1996 expanded the list to 15 emotions: aesthetic experience, anger, anxiety, compassion, depression, envy, fright, gratitude, guilt, happiness, hope, jealousy, love, pride, relief, sadness, and shame, in the book Passion and Reason.[10][11]
  • Researchers at University of California, Berkeley identified 34 categories of emotion: admiration, adoration, aesthetic appreciation, amusement, anger, anxiety, awe, awkwardness, boredom, calmness, confusion, contempt, craving, disgust, empathic pain, entrancement, excitement, fear, horror, interest, joy, nostalgia, relief, romance, sadness, satisfaction, sexual desire and surprise.[12] This was based on 2185 short videos intended to elicit a certain emotion. These were then modelled onto a "map" of emotions.[13]

Contrasting basic emotions

A 2009 review[14] of theories of emotion identifies and contrasts fundamental emotions according to three key criteria for mental experiences that:

  1. have a strongly motivating subjective quality like pleasure or pain;
  2. are a response to some event or object that is either real or imagined;
  3. motivate particular kinds of behavior.

The combination of these attributes distinguishes emotions from sensations, feelings and moods.

Kind of emotion Positive emotions Negative emotions
Related to object properties Interest, curiosity, enthusiasm Indifference, habituation, boredom
Attraction, desire, admiration Aversion, disgust, revulsion
Surprise, amusement Alarm, panic
Future appraisal Hope, excitement Fear, anxiety, dread
Event-related Gratitude, thankfulness Anger, rage
Joy, elation, triumph, jubilation Sorrow, grief
Patience Frustration, restlessness
Contentment Discontentment, disappointment
Self-appraisal Humility, modesty Pride, arrogance
Social Charity Avarice, greed, miserliness, envy, jealousy
Sympathy Cruelty
Cathected Love Hate

HUMAINE's proposal for EARL

The emotion annotation and representation language (EARL) proposed by the Human-Machine Interaction Network on Emotion (HUMAINE) classifies 48 emotions.[15]

{{div col|colwidth=13em}}
  • Negative and forceful
    • Anger
    • Annoyance
    • Contempt
    • Disgust
    • Irritation
  • Negative and not in control
    • Anxiety
    • Embarrassment
    • Fear
    • Helplessness
    • Powerlessness
    • Worry
  • Negative thoughts
    • Pride
    • Doubt
    • Envy
    • Frustration
    • Guilt
    • Shame
  • Negative and passive
    • Boredom
    • Despair
    • Disappointment
    • Hurt
    • Sadness
  • Agitation
    • Stress
    • Shock
    • Tension
  • Positive and lively
    • Amusement
    • Delight
    • Elation
    • Excitement
    • Happiness
    • Joy
    • Pleasure
  • Caring
    • Affection
    • Empathy
    • Friendliness
    • Love
  • Positive thoughts
    • Courage
    • Hope
    • Humility
    • Satisfaction
    • Trust
  • Quiet positive
    • Calmness
    • Contentment
    • Relaxation
    • Relief
    • Serenity
  • Reactive
    • Interest
    • Politeness
    • Surprise
{{div col end}}

Parrott's emotions by groups

A tree-structured list of emotions was described in Shaver et al. (1987),[16] and also featured in Parrott (2001).[17]

Primary emotion Secondary emotion Tertiary emotion
LoveAffectionAdoration{{·}}Fondness{{·}}Liking{{·}}Attraction{{·}}Caring{{·}}Tenderness{{·}}Compassion{{·}}Sentimentality
Lust/Sexual desireDesire{{·}}Passion{{·}}Infatuation
LongingLonging
JoyCheerfulnessAmusement{{·}}Bliss{{·}}Gaiety{{·}}Glee{{·}}Jolliness{{·}}Joviality{{·}}Joy{{·}}Delight{{·}}Enjoyment{{·}}Gladness{{·}}Happiness{{·}}Jubilation{{·}}Elation{{·}}Satisfaction{{·}}Ecstasy{{·}}Euphoria
ZestEnthusiasm{{·}}Zeal{{·}}Excitement{{·}}Thrill{{·}}Exhilaration
ContentmentPleasure
PrideTriumph
OptimismEagerness{{·}}Hope
EnthrallmentEnthrallment{{·}}Rapture
ReliefRelief
SurpriseSurpriseAmazement{{·}}Astonishment
AngerIrritabilityAggravation{{·}}Agitation{{·}}Annoyance{{·}}Grouchy{{·}}Grumpy{{·}}Crosspatch
ExasperationFrustration
RageAnger{{·}}Outrage{{·}}Fury{{·}}Wrath{{·}}Hostility{{·}}Ferocity{{·}}Bitterness{{·}}Hatred{{·}}Scorn{{·}}Spite{{·}}Vengefulness{{·}}Dislike{{·}}Resentment
DisgustRevulsion{{·}}Contempt{{·}}Loathing
EnvyJealousy
TormentTorment
SadnessSufferingAgony{{·}}Anguish{{·}}Hurt
SadnessDepression{{·}}Despair{{·}}Gloom{{·}}Glumness{{·}}Unhappiness{{·}}Grief{{·}}Sorrow{{·}}Woe{{·}}Misery{{·}}Melancholy
DisappointmentDismay{{·}}Displeasure
ShameGuilt{{·}}Regret{{·}}Remorse
NeglectAlienation{{·}}Defeatism{{·}}Dejection{{·}}Embarrassment{{·}}Homesickness{{·}}Humiliation{{·}}Insecurity{{·}}Insult{{·}}Isolation{{·}}Loneliness{{·}}Rejection
SympathyPity{{·}}Mono no aware{{·}}Sympathy
FearHorrorAlarm{{·}}Shock{{·}}Fear{{·}}Fright{{·}}Horror{{·}}Terror{{·}}Panic{{·}}Hysteria{{·}}Mortification
NervousnessAnxiety{{·}}Suspense{{·}}Uneasiness{{·}}Apprehension (fear){{·}}Worry{{·}}Distress{{·}}Dread

Plutchik's wheel of emotions

In 1980, Robert Plutchik diagrammed a wheel of eight emotions: joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger and anticipation, inspired by his Ten Postulates[18][19] Plutchik also theorized twenty-four "Primary", "Secondary", and "Tertiary" dyads (feelings composed of two emotions).[20][21][22] The wheel emotions can be paired in four groups:

Primary dyad = one petal apart = Love = Joy + Trust

Secondary dyad = two petals apart = Envy = Sadness + Anger

Tertiary dyad = three petals apart = Shame = Fear + Disgust

Opposite emotions = four petals apart = Anticipation ≠ Surprise

There are also triads, emotions formed from 3 primary emotions.[23] This leads to a combination of 24 dyads and 32 triads, making 56 emotions at 1 intensity level.[24] Emotions can be mild or intense;[25] for example, distraction is a mild form of surprise, and rage is an intense form of anger. The kinds of relation between each pair of emotions are:

Emotions and opposites
Mild emotion Mild opposite Basic emotion Basic opposite Intense emotion Intense opposite
Serenity Pensiveness Joy Sadness Ecstasy Grief
Acceptance Boredom Trust Disgust Admiration Loathing
Apprehension Annoyance Fear Anger Terror Rage
Distraction Interest Surprise Anticipation Amazement Vigilance
Dyads (Combinations)
Human feelings Emotions Opposite feelings Emotions
Optimism Anticipation + Joy Disapproval Surprise + Sadness
Hope Anticipation + Trust Unbelief Surprise + Disgust
Anxiety Anticipation + Fear Outrage Surprise + Anger
Love Joy + Trust Remorse Sadness + Disgust
Guilt Joy + Fear Envy Sadness + Anger
Delight Joy + Surprise Pessimism Sadness + Anticipation
Submission Trust + Fear Contempt Disgust + Anger
Curiosity Trust + Surprise Cynicism Disgust + Anticipation
Sentimentality Trust + Sadness Morbidness Disgust + Joy
Awe Fear + Surprise Aggressiveness Anger + Anticipation
Despair Fear + Sadness Pride Anger + Joy
Shame Fear + Disgust Dominance Anger + Trust

Jessica Hagy observed that the wheel was in a Venn diagram format, and she believes that more levels of intensity are needed in the combinations of emotions.[26]{{unreliable source|date=January 2019}}

Gallery

The Hourglass of Emotions

The 2012 book The Hourglass of Emotions was based on Robert Plutchik's model, but categorised the emotions into four sentic dimensions. It contrasted anger, anticipation, joy, and trust as positive emotions, and fear, surprise, sadness and disgust as negative.[27][28]

Emotional flow
Dimension +3 +2 +1 -1 -2 -3
Sensitivity Rage Anger Annoyance Apprehension Fear Terror
Attention Vigilance Anticipation Interest Distraction Surprise Amazement
Pleasantness Ecstasy Joy Serenity Pensiveness Sadness Grief
Aptitude Admiration Trust Acceptance Boredom Disgust Loathing
Advanced emotions
Dimensions High Sensitivity Low Sensitivity High Pleasantness Low Pleasantness
High Attention Aggressiveness Anxiety Optimism Frustration
Low Attention Rejection Awe Frivolity Disapproval
High Aptitude Rivalry Submission Love Envy
Low Aptitude Contempt Coercion Gloat Remorse

The Book of Human Emotions

Tiffany Watt Smith listed 154 different worldwide emotions and feelings.[29]

{{div col|colwidth=13em}}
  • A
    • Abhiman
    • Acedia
    • Amae
    • Ambiguphobia
    • Anger
    • Anticipation
    • Anxiety
    • Apathy
    • L’appel du vide
    • Awumbuk
  • B
    • Bafflement
    • Basorexia
    • Befuddlement
    • Bewilderment
    • Boredom
    • Brabant
    • Broodiness
  • C
    • Calm
    • Carefree
    • Cheerfulness
    • Cheesed (off)
    • Claustrophobia
    • Collywobbles, the
    • Comfort
    • Compassion
    • Compersion
    • Confidence
    • Contempt
    • Contentment
    • Courage
    • Curiosity
    • Cyberchondria
  • D
    • Delight
    • Dépaysement
    • Desire
    • Despair
    • Disappear, the desire to
    • Disappointment
    • Disgruntlement
    • Disgust
    • Dismay
    • Dolce far niente
    • Dread
  • E
    • Ecstasy
    • Embarrassment
    • Empathy
    • Envy
    • Euphoria
    • Exasperation
    • Excitement
  • F
    • Fear
    • Feeling good (about yourself)
    • Formal feeling, a
    • Fraud, feeling like a
    • Frustration
  • G
    • Gezelligheid
    • Gladsomeness
    • Glee
    • Gratitude
    • Greng jai
    • Grief
    • Guilt
  • H
    • Han
    • Happiness
    • Hatred
    • Heebie-Jeebies, the
    • Hiraeth
    • Hoard, the urge to
    • Homefulness
    • Homesickness
    • Hopefulness
    • Huff, in a
    • Humble, feeling
    • Humiliation
    • Hunger
    • Hwyl
  • I
    • Ijirashi
    • Ilinx
    • Impatience
    • Indignation
    • Inhabitiveness
    • Insulted, feeling
    • Irritation
  • J
    • Jealousy
    • Joy
  • K
    • Kaukokaipuu
  • L
    • Liget[30]
    • Litost
    • Loneliness
    • Love
  • M
    • Malu
    • Man
    • Matutolypea
    • Mehameha
    • Melancholy
    • Miffed, a bit
    • Mono no aware
    • Morbid curiosity
    • Miffed
  • N
    • Nakhes
    • Nginyiwarrarringu
    • Nostalgia
  • O
    • Oime
    • Overwhelmed, feeling
  • P
    • Panic
    • Paranoia
    • Perversity
    • Peur des espaces
    • Philoprogenitiveness
    • Pique, a fit of
    • Pity
    • Postal, going
    • Pride
    • Pronoia
  • R
    • Rage
    • Regret
    • Relief
    • Reluctance
    • Remorse
    • Reproachfulness
    • Resentment
    • Ringxiety
    • Rivalry
    • Road rage
    • Ruinenlust
  • S
    • Sadness
    • Satisfaction
    • Saudade
    • Schadenfreude
    • Self-pity
    • Shame
    • Shock
    • Smugness
    • Song
    • Surprise
    • Suspicion
  • T
    • Technostress
    • Terror
    • Torschlusspanik
    • Toska
    • Triumph
  • V
    • Vengefulness
    • Vergüenza ajena
    • Viraha
    • Vulnerability
  • W
    • Wanderlust
    • Warm glow
    • Wonder
    • Worry
  • Z
    • Żal
{{div col end}}

Mapping facial expressions

Scientists map twenty-one different facial emotions[31][32] expanded from Paul Ekman's six basic emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise:

Happy Sad Fearful Angry SurprisedDisgusted
Happily
Surprised		Happily
Disgusted
Sadly
Fearful		Sadly
Angry		Sadly
Surprised		Sadly
Disgusted
AppalledFearfully
Angry		Fearfully
Surprised		Fearfully
Disgusted
AwedAngrily
Surprised		Angrily
Disgusted
HatredDisgustedly
Surprised

Emotional equations

A book written by Chip Conley showed how emotions and feelings are organised using mathematical terms.[33]

Despair = Suffering - Meaning
Disappointment = Expectations - Reality
Regret = Disappointment + Responsibility
Jealousy =
Envy =
Anxiety = Uncertainty x Powerlessness
Calling =
Workaholism =
Flow =
Curiosity = Wonder + Awe
Authenticity = Self-Awareness x Courage
Narcissism = (Self-Esteem)2 x Entitlement
Integrity = Authenticity x Invisibility x Reliability
Happiness = Love - Fear
Thriving =
Faith =
Experience}}

Atlas of Emotions

The Dalai Lama made a website based on the emotions of enjoyment, disgust, anger, fear and sadness with the help of Paul Ekman.[34][35] The emotions were similar to the ones found in Inside Out, a film that Paul Ekman advised.[36]

Emotion and Stress

Emotions and stress are connected, so stressful situations produce emotion. Environments that make stress also make emotions.[37]

See also

{{Portal|Psychology}}
  • Affect (psychology)
  • Basic emotions
  • Emotion and memory
  • Emotion classification
  • Emotional mood
  • List of virtues
{{-}}

References

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35. ^{{cite web|url=https://stamen.com/work/atlas-of-emotions/|title=Atlas of Emotions > Stamen Design|website=Stamen Design|accessdate=31 December 2018}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/07/world/dalai-lama-website-atlas-of-emotions.html|title=Inner Peace? The Dalai Lama Made a Website for That|first=Kevin|last=Randall|date=6 May 2016|publisher=|accessdate=3 January 2019|via=NYTimes.com}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9jkIHcW1-3EC&printsec=frontcover&dq=emotion+and+stress&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjanNClntbfAhW-UBUIHWR0C0wQ6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=emotion+and+stress&f=false|title=Emotion and Stress|first=F. Fay|last=Evans-Martin|date=5 January 2019|publisher=Infobase Publishing|via=Google Books}}

External links

  • A table of basic emotions according to a variety of authors
  • An organized list of over 800 English emotion words, maintained by Steven DeRose
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3 : Emotion|Psychology lists|Cognitive science lists
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