| 词条 | John Freke (surgeon) |
| 释义 |
|name= John Freke |image= Johnfreke.jpg |image_size= |birth_date= 1688 |birth_place= England |death_date= 1756 |death_place=England |occupation= Surgeon }} John Freke (1688–1756) was an English surgeon. Together with Percival Pott he was instrumental in separating the profession of surgeon from that of barber. Freke was the son of a rural minister from Ockford Fitzpaine, Dorset. At the age of 17 he was apprenticed to a prominent London surgeon, Richard Blundell.[1] He became an assistant surgeon at St Bartholomew's Hospital (known as Barts) in 1726, and one year later was put in charge of the anatomical and surgical preparations.[2] In 1727 the Governors of Barts had decided that there was a requirement for some surgeons to be specialists, and Freke was appointed to deal with diseases of the eye, becoming the first ophthalmic surgeon. He was a surgeon at Barts from 1729 to 1755 and was a Governor of the hospital from 1736 to 1756. He trained Edward Nourse who in turn trained Percival Pott. In 1745 he established the Company of Surgeons. He designed several medical instruments including an improved obstetric forceps.[3] He was the first to record the genetic error that causes fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva,[4] and his 1748 Essay on the Art of Healing identified points of interest of breast cancer and referred to the danger of not removing infected lymphatic tissue.[5] The Murder Act 1752 allowed the bodies of convicted murderers to be dissected for the study of anatomy, and in his role overseeing anatomical preparations, Freke was able to take advantage of the increase in the number of available specimens. The hospital hired a house in Cock Lane to which the bodies were delivered.[2] He had scientific interests outside medicine. He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1729 and contributed various articles to their journal, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. In 1746 he wrote a treatise on electricity, An Essay to show the Cause of Electricity and why some things are Non-Electricable, in which is also considered its Influence in the Blasts on Human Bodies, in the Blights on Trees, in the Damps in Mines, and as it may affect the Sensitive Plants (republished in 1752 with the more concise title Treatise on the Nature and Property of Fire),[5] expressing the belief that lightning and electricity were the same.[6] He is mentioned in Tom Jones and as a friend of William Hogarth may have been the model for the president of the College of Surgeons in Reward of Cruelty, the final plate of his series The Four Stages of Cruelty. His friendship with Samuel Richardson meant he was one of select group who were able to read the manuscript of Clarissa before it was published.[5] Notes1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.corronline.com/pt/re/corr/fulltext.00003086-199801000-00002.htm|title=A Case of Extraordinary Exostoses on the Back of a Boy (account access only)|author=Leonard F. Peltier, MD, PhD|publisher=Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research|accessdate=19 January 2007}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Freke, John}}2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=5111&inst_id=51|title=Pathology Department of St Bartholomew's Hospital|publisher=St Bartholomew's Hospital|accessdate=19 January 2007}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bartsandthelondon.org.uk/aboutus/history/main.asp?ht_id=1|title=The History of Medicine|publisher=Barts and the London|accessdate=19 January 2007|archive-url=https://archive.is/20041102092412/http://www.bartsandthelondon.org.uk/aboutus/history/main.asp?ht_id=1|archive-date=2 November 2004|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.amarillo.com/stories/121000/usn_scienteist.shtml|title=Scientists seek answers as girl turns to bone|publisher=Associated Press|author=Verena Dobnik|date=2000-12-10|accessdate=19 January 2007}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/dspace/bitstream/1887/513/8/03.pdf|title=The Influence of Cheyne's Thoughts on Richardson|author=|accessdate=19 January 2007}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/sci/history/AHistoryofScienceVolumeII/chap52.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030722015715/http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/sci/history/AHistoryofScienceVolumeII/chap52.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=22 July 2003|title=A History of Science|author=Henry Smith Williams|accessdate=19 January 2007}} 6 : 1688 births|1756 deaths|English surgeons|British ophthalmologists|Fellows of the Royal Society|Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital |
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