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词条 John G. Lake
释义

  1. Early life and career

  2. Missionary work in Africa

  3. Later life and religious work

  4. Legacy

  5. References

  6. Further reading

  7. External links

For other people called John Lake, see John Lake (disambiguation).

{{use mdy dates|date=April 2014}}{{Infobox religious biography
| name = John Graham Lake
| image = John G Lake.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Early photo of John G. Lake
| religion = Christian Pentecostal, Methodist
| denomination =
| church = The Church of Truth, Spokane, WA (1914-1920)
| alma_mater =
| nationality = Canadian/American
| home_town =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1870|03|18}}
| birth_place = St. Mary's, Ontario, Canada
| death_date = {{death date and age|1935|09|16|1870|03|18}}
| death_place = Spokane, Washington
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
  • Jennie Stevens (1893-1908)
  • Florence Switzer (1913-1935)

| children =
| parents =
| title =
| period =
| post = Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa, co-founder, president (c. 1909-1913)
| website =
}}
| influences = John Alexander Dowie, Charles Parham, William J. Seymour
}}John Graham Lake (March 18, 1870 – September 16, 1935) was a Canadian-American leader in the Pentecostal movement that began in the early 20th century, and is known as a faith healer, missionary, and with Thomas Hezmalhalch, co-founder of the Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa. Through his 1908–13 African missionary work, Lake played a decisive role in the spread of Pentecostalism in South Africa, the most successful southern African religious movement of the 20th century.[1]{{rp|98}}[1]{{rp|34}} After completing his missionary work in Africa, Lake evangelized for 20 years, primarily along the west coast of the United States setting up "healing rooms" and healing campaigns, and establishing churches. Lake was influenced by the healing ministry of John Alexander Dowie and the ministry of Charles Parham.[3]

Early life and career

Lake was born in St. Mary's, Ontario, Canada and moved to Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan with his family in 1886.[2] He was born into a large family of 16 siblings (eight of whom died young).[3] He graduated from high school in St Mary's shortly before the move to Michigan, and claimed to have been ordained into the Methodist ministry at the age of twenty-one.[2] The seminary he claimed to have attended, though, never existed,[7]{{rp|53}} and census records show he had less than ten years' education.[4] Lake, then, had no formal theological training.

Lake moved to a suburb of Chicago, Harvey, in 1890, where he worked as a roofer and construction worker before returning to his hometown in 1896. According to Lake, he became an industrious businessman and started two newspapers, the Harvey Citizen in Harvey, Illinois and the Soo Times in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan,[2] before beginning a successful career in real estate, and later, becoming a millionaire in life insurance dealings. Historian Barry Morton found no evidence that Lake ever owned the two newspapers, citing sources which indicate the Harvey Citizen was founded by the Harvey township,[5] and the Soo Times was started by George A. Ferris and owned by Ferris & Scott Publishers.[1]{{rp|103}}[6]{{rp|394}}[7] Morton further alleges that Lake exaggerated his business career, and that "clear evidence" shows Lake instead worked as a small-scale contractor, roofer and "house-flipper".[8]{{rp|103}} In the 1900 Census, Lake's occupation is listed as "carpenter".[9]

In February 1893, Lake married Jennie Stevens of Newberry, Michigan, and the two had six children and adopted another before her death in 1908. During the 1890s Lake and many members of his family began appearing regularly in Dowie's services, where they were invariably healed and allegedly brought back from death's door. In 1898 Lake opened a small chapter of Dowie's Christian Catholic Church in Sault Ste Marie and held meetings in the attic of his parents' home. In 1901 he relocated his family to Zion, Illinois, where he worked in the theocratic town's construction department.

After massive retrenchments affected ever-bankrupt Zion City,[10] Lake found new employment around 1905. He later claimed that he maintained relationships with many of the leading figures of his day including railroad tycoon James Jerome Hill, Cecil Rhodes, Mahatma Gandhi, Arthur Conan Doyle, and others.[11][12] When he began his preaching career he claimed to have walked away from a $50,000 year salary (around $1.25 million in 2007 US dollars[13]), as well as his seat on the Chicago Board of Trade. Lake's biographer, Burpeau, reported no evidence outside of Lake's own assertions that Lake was connected to these wealthy financiers and industrialists.[14] According to Morton, contemporary records show Lake never left Zion City at the time Lake was said to be making his name in Chicago; he instead worked in nearby Waukegan as an "ordinary, small-town insurance salesman". Lake does not appear in contemporary newspapers until 1907 where he gave an account of his experience of speaking in tongues.[8]{{rp|105}}

In 1907 Lake was converted to Pentecostalism when Charles Parham staged a tent revival in Zion in an attempt to woo Dowie's supporters. After Parham's departure a group of several hundred "Parhamites" remained in Zion, led by Thomas Hezmalhalch—a recent arrival from the Azusa Street Revival. As 1907 wore on, Lake grew in stature among this group, and was usually listed as co-leader. After Parham's arrest for (unsubstantiated) reports of sodomy and pedophilia in the summer of 1907, the Parhamites descended into disorganization. Believing that many had been possessed by demons, a number of brutal exorcisms began, in which at least two deaths occurred.[15][16] In the face of arrests and potential mob violence, the Parhamites were forced to flee en masse from Illinois. Lake and Hezmalhalch left for Indianapolis. Once there, they raised $2000 to finance a Pentecostal mission to South Africa.

Missionary work in Africa

With Thomas Hezmalhalch, Lake founded the Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa (AFM) in 1908 and carried on missionary work from 1908-13. Lake and Hezmalhalch would appear to be the first Pentecostal missionaries to South Africa, and introduced speaking in tongues. Many of those who joined their church had previously been Zionists allied to Dowie's organization who believed in faith healing. Morton writes,[8]{{rp|98}} "Lake was instrumental in spreading this fusion of Zionism/Pentecotalismas that is unique to southern Africa... about half of southern African Christians today [2012] are adherents of it... Lake played a decisive role in the spreading of this 'second evangelization'." Lake's movement attracted many of the early Zionists led by Pieter L. Le Roux of Wakkerstroom.[17]{{rp|15}} Due to the segregationist impulses of the AFM's white membership,[18] the majority of its African members eventually seceded, forming many different Zionist Christian sects.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

Just six months after Lake's arrival in South Africa, his first wife, Jennie, died on December 22, 1908.[3] Lake recorded that she died of a stroke. He continued his work in Africa for another four years, raising his seven children with the help of his sister Irene.[3]" [8]{{rp|98}}

Later life and religious work

Lake returned to America on February 1, 1913, and married Florence Switzer in November 1913.[19] Lake's comment{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} on this second marriage was, "Men in these days consider themselves to be happily married once. I have been especially blessed in that I have been happily married twice." From this marriage five children were born.

After a year of itinerant preaching, Lake relocated to Spokane, WA by July 1914 and began ministering in "The Church of Truth". He started an organization called The Divine Healing Institute and opened what he called "Lake's Divine Healing Rooms". Lake ran the "healing rooms" from 1915 until May 1920, at which time he moved to Portland, Oregon, for a similar ministry that lasted for another five years. He continued to found churches and "healing rooms" down the California coast and eventually to Houston, TX in 1927, before finally returning to Spokane in 1931. Upon his return to Spokane he purchased an old church and began his final church and healing room.[19]

In 1935, Lake suffered a serious stroke{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} and died on September 16, 1935,[19] at age 65.

Legacy

Several books have been written recording Lake's experiences and the miracles attributed to Lake.

Lake's history has served as a guide to other ministries, such as Curry R. Blake's "John G. Lake Ministries," based in Dallas, TX, (www.jglm.org) and Healing Rooms Ministries, led by Cal Pierce, headquartered in Spokane, Washington.

In 1987, Wilford Reidt (the son-in-law of Lake) and his wife, Gertrude (Lake's daughter) passed the leadership of their ministry to Curry R. Blake. Blake was named the General Overseer of the International Apostolic Council, an organization founded by John G. Lake in 1914. Today, the ministry establishes "John G. Lake Healing Rooms" and trains Christians in divine healing.

In 1999, the Healing Rooms in Spokane, Washington were opened, which are not affiliated with John G. Lake Ministries. The Healing Rooms place an emphasis on not only serving the city of Spokane, but in duplicating the ministry of healing globally, with currently 2,002 Healing Rooms in 58 nations.

References

1. ^{{cite book | url=http://www.decadeofpentecost.org/ebooks/Azusa-English.pdf | title=From Azusa to Africa to the Nations | publisher=Assemblies of God World Missions: Africa Office, Acts in Africa Initiative | author=Miller, Denzil R. | year=2005 | location=Springfield, MO | isbn=1-8911-1034-9}}
2. ^{{cite book|editor=Lindsay, Gordon|title=John G. Lake–Apostle to Africa|year=1997|publisher=Christ for the Nations, Inc|isbn=978-0899850115}}
3. ^B. Morton, [https://www.academia.edu/7005594/John_G_Lakes_Formative_Years_1870-1908_The_Making_of_A_Con_Man "John G Lake's Formative Years 1870-1908"], May 2014.
4. ^US Census 1900 Michigan, Chippewa, Sault Ste Marie, Ward 02, District 0020, entry for John G Lake.
5. ^{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/townofharveyilli00harv | title=The Town of Harvey, Illinois: Manufacturing Suburb of Chicago aged two years | publisher=Harvey Land Association | year=1892 | location=Harvey, Illinois }}
6. ^{{cite book | url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9236/m1/394/ | title=N. W. Ayer & Son's American Newspaper Annual: containing a Catalogue of American Newspapers, a List of All Newspapers of the United States and Canada, 1898, Volume 1 | publisher=N. W. Ayer & Son | year=1898}}
7. ^{{cite news | work=Sault Ste Marie News | date=6 March 1896}}
8. ^{{cite journal | url=http://www.ascleiden.nl/sites/default/files/devil_who_heals_published_version.pdf | title=‘The Devil Who Heals’: Fraud and Falsification in the Evangelical Career of John G Lake, Missionary to South Africa 1908–1913 | author=Morton, Barry | journal=African Historical Review | year=2012 | volume=44 | issue=2 | pages=98–118 | doi=10.1080/17532523.2012.739752}}
9. ^{{cite web|last=US Census 1900|title=Michigan, Chippewa, Sault Ste Marie, Ward 02, District 0020|publisher=Ancestry.com|accessdate=13 February 2014}}
10. ^{{cite news|newspaper=Chicago Inter-Ocean|date=7 February 1904|title=}}
11. ^{{cite book|title=John G. Lake: His Life, His Sermons, His Boldness of Faith|isbn=9780881149623|author=Copeland, Kenneth|publisher=Kenneth Copeland Publications|location=Ft. Worth|year=1995|page=89}}
12. ^{{cite book|author=Reidt, W.|title=John G. Lake: A Man Without Compromise|location=Springfield, MO|publisher=Harrison House|year=1989|page=15|isbn=978-0892743162}}
13. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.measuringworth.com/ppowerus/ | title=Purchasing Power of Money in the United States from 1774 to Present | publisher=MeasuringWorth | year=2013 | accessdate=1 October 2013 | author=Officer, Lawrence H. and Williamson, Samuel H.}}
14. ^{{cite book | title=God's Showman: A Historical Study of John G. Lake and South Africa/American Pentecostalism | publisher=Refleks Publishing | author=Burpeau, Kemp Pendleton | year=2004 | location=Oslo | isbn=978-82-996599-2-5}}
15. ^{{cite news|title = Confesses death is due to devil cure|newspaper = Indianapolis Star|date = 21 September 1907|url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/indystar/doc/755743573.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Sep+21%2C+1907&author=&pub=Indianapolis+Star+%281907-1922%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=CONFESSES+DEATH+IS+DUE+TO+DEVIL+CURE|quote = Laboring under a religious frenzy and believing their manipulations would drive out the devils and bring health to Mrs. Letitia Greenhaulgh, aged 64 years and a cripple for twenty years, five members of the sect of Parhamites are under arrest at Zion City, accused of torturing...}}
16. ^{{cite news|newspaper = Chicago Daily Tribune|date = 21 September 1907|url = http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1907/09/21/page/1/article/tortured-in-rite-of-fanatics-dies|title = Tortured in rite of fanatics; dies|page = 1}}
17. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yMcDEYRbEaMC&pg=PA14&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=The History of Apostolic Faith Mission and Other Pentecostal Missions in South Africa | publisher=Authorhouse | author=Chandomba, Lyton | year=2007 | isbn=978-1425997397}}
18. ^{{cite thesis|last=de Wet|first=Christiaan R.|title=The Apostolic Faith Mission in Africa, 1908-1960: A Case Study in Church Growth in a Segregated Society|date=1989|type=Ph.D.|publisher=University of Cape Town|page=Chapters 3-4}}
19. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.jglm.org/?page_id=130 | title=Who Was John G. Lake | publisher=John G. Lake Ministries | accessdate=1 October 2013}}

Further reading

  • {{cite book | title=John G. Lake Anthology: The Complete Collection of His Life Teachings | publisher=Whitaker House | editor=Liardon, Roberts | author=Lake, John G. | year=2005 | pages=992 | isbn=978-0-88368-568-6}}
  • {{cite book|last=Lindsay|first=Gordon|title=Sketches from the Life and Ministry of John G. Lake|year=1952|publisher=Voice of Healing Publishing Company|location=Shreveport, LA|pages=116}}
  • {{cite book|editor=Copeland, Kenneth|last=Lake|first=John G.|title=John G. Lake: His Life, His Sermons, His Boldness of Faith|year=1995|publisher=Kenneth Copeland Publications|isbn=9780881149623}}

External links

  • John G. Lake Ministries
  • Healing Rooms Ministries archive of John G. Lake writings
  • John G Lake dot Org
  • [https://www.amazon.com/The-Collected-Works-John-Lake-ebook/dp/B00CBYEIXI The Collected Works of John G Lake on Amazon Kindle]
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