| 词条 | John Graham Kerr |
| 释义 |
|name = John Graham Kerr |image = John Graham Kerr.jpg |image_size = 230px |caption = |birth_date = {{birth-date|18 September 1869}} |birth_place = Hertfordshire |death_date = {{death-date and age|21 April 1957|18 September 1869}} |death_place = |residence = |citizenship = |nationality = British[1] |ethnicity = |field = embryology, camouflage |work_institutions = |alma_mater = University of Edinburgh Christ's College, Cambridge |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = embryology of lungfishes, dazzle camouflage |influences = |influenced = Hugh B. Cott |prizes = Linnean Medal {{small|(1955)}} Fellow of the Royal Society[2] |religion = |footnotes = MP for Combined Scottish Universities |signature = }} Sir John Graham Kerr FRS[2] FRSE FLS FZS (18 September 1869 – 21 April 1957[3]), known to his friends as Graham Kerr, was a British[4] embryologist and Unionist Member of Parliament (MP). He is best known for his studies of the embryology of lungfishes.[5] He was involved in ship camouflage in the First World War, and through his pupil Hugh B. Cott influenced military camouflage thinking in the Second World War also. Early lifeHe was born at Rowley Lodge, Arkley in Hertfordshire to Scottish parents: John Kerr former Principal of Hooghly College in Calcutta and his wife, Sybella Graham.[6] Kerr was educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, and then studied Medicine at the University of Edinburgh.[7][8] ZoologyKerr interrupted his medical studies to join an Argentinian expedition to study the natural history of the Pilcomayo River. On his return, he studied natural sciences at Christ's College, Cambridge, graduating with first class honours in 1896.[7] The Argentinian expedition had ended with the loss of most of the collections, but after graduating he mounted an expedition to the Gran Chaco, bringing home a large collection of material related to the South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa.[9] Kerr was accompanied by John Samuel Budgett, who studied the frogs of the area and discovered a new genus.[10][11] After a period acting as Demonstrator in the Animal Morphology lectures at Christ's College, Cambridge (1898 to 1902), he was appointed in August 1902 as Regius Professor of Natural History in the University of Glasgow replacing John Young.[12][13] Kerr stayed until 1935[8][14] being succeeded by Prof Edward Hindle. Kerr was particularly interested in teaching medical students, and published widely. In 1903 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir Isaac Bayley Balfour, James Cossar Ewart, Frederick Orpen Bower, and James Geikie. He won the Society's Neill Prize in 1904. He served as the Society's Vice President from 1928 to 1931.[15] He was President of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh from 1906 to 1909 and elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1909.[2] He received LLDs from the University of Edinburgh in 1935 and the University of St Andrews in 1950.[16] CamouflageKerr made early contributions to ship camouflage in the First World War. He wrote to First Sea Lord Winston Churchill on 24 September 1914, advocating camouflage by disruptive coloration — breaking up outlines with patches of strongly contrasting tone — and countershading — shading guns into invisibility with lighter paint below, darker paint above.[21] Kerr openly supported the controversial camouflage claims of American artist Abbott Handerson Thayer.[7] Kerr's aim was to make ships difficult to spot and fool range finders by disrupting their outlines, or in his own words "to destroy completely the continuity of outlines by splashes of white", to make ships harder to hit with gunfire at long range. Kerr's principle was applied to ships in various ways, but Kerr found it difficult to promote or control the use of his camouflage ideas, and they fell out of favour after Churchill's departure from the Admiralty. The Royal Navy reverted to plain grey. A rival proposal for disruptive camouflage emerged in 1917 from the marine artist Norman Wilkinson. Wilkinson, unlike Kerr, had little difficulty fitting in with the naval establishment, and was put in charge of a large-scale program of painting ships in disruptive patterns that became known as "Dazzle camouflage". After the war, Kerr engaged in an unsuccessful legal dispute over the credit for creating dazzle camouflage.[17] Wilkinson successfully promoted the false idea that Kerr's camouflage sought invisibility rather than image disruption.[18] Kerr again influenced British camouflage in the Second World War, this time through his pupil Hugh B. Cott.[19] Politics and Late LifeKerr was elected as MP for the Combined Scottish Universities at a by-election in 1935 after the MP and novelist John Buchan resigned his seat when he was appointed as Governor General of Canada.[20] After his election to Parliament, Kerr resigned his professorship,[21] and moved to Hertfordshire. He held the seat until the university constituencies were abolished for the 1950 general election,[22] serving for a time as Chairman of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee.[16] He was knighted in the King's Birthday Honours in 1939[23][24] St Andrews University awarded him an honorary doctorate (LLD) in 1950. He died on 21 April 1957 at Barley House in Royston, Hertfordshire.[25] FamilyHe married twice. Firstly in 1903 he married Elizabeth Mary Kerr. She died in 1934. He then remarried in 1936 to Isobel Clapperton (née Macindoe), a widow. LegacyThe Zoology Building[26] of the University of Glasgow was renamed the Graham Kerr Building in his name.[8] Publications
References1. ^{{cite news|title=John Graham Kerr: was British National|url=https://todayinsci.com/9/9_18.htm|accessdate=24 August 2017|newspaper=TODAY IN SCIENCE HISTORY|date=18 September 2017}} 2. ^1 2 {{Cite journal | last1 = Hindle | first1 = E. | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1958.0014 | title = John Graham Kerr 1869-1957 | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society | volume = 4 | pages = 155 | year = 1958 | pmid = | pmc = }} 3. ^Historical list of MPs: S (part 2) 4. ^[https://todayinsci.com/9/9_18.htm SEPTEMBER 18 – BIRTHS – Scientists born on September 18th] 5. ^Kerr, Sir John Graham. (2007). Encyclopædia Britannica Online 6. ^{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0 902 198 84 X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf}} 7. ^1 2 {{acad|id=KR892JG|name=Kerr, John Graham}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite web | url=http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0089&type=P | title=The University of Glasgow Story | publisher=University of Glasgow | work=Sir John Graham Kerr | accessdate=26 July 2012}} 9. ^Who's Who in Glasgow 1909 10. ^Budgett J. S. (1899) Notes on the Batrachians of the Paraguayan Chaco, with observations upon their breeding habits and development, especially with regard to Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis, Cope. Also a description of a new genus. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Sciences 2 : 305–333. 11. ^Kerr, J.G.(1950). A Naturalist in the Gran Chaco. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press 12. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Appointment|day_of_week=Tuesday |date=19 August 1902 |page_number=7 |issue=36850| }} 13. ^{{London Gazette|issue=27469 |page=5604 |date=29 August 1902}} 14. ^ The post was renamed the following year, 1903, as Regius Professor of Zoology. 15. ^{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0 902 198 84 X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf}} 16. ^1 Dictionary of National Biography: Kerr, Sir (John) Graham (1869–1957) 17. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol19/tnm_19_171-192.pdf |author1=Murphy, Hugh |author2=Bellamy, Martin |title=The Dazzling Zoologist: John Graham Kerr and the Early Development of Ship Camouflage|journal=The Northern Mariner |volume=XIX |issue= 2 |date=April 2009|pages=177–182}} 18. ^1 Forbes, Peter (2009) Dazzled and Deceived: Mimicry and Camouflage. Yale. {{ISBN|0300178964}}. pp. 85–92 and 97–100. 19. ^Forbes, Peter (2009) Mimicry and Camouflage. Yale. {{ISBN|0300178964}}. pp. 139–142. 20. ^London Gazette Issue 34175 published on 28 June 1935. Page 1 of 80 21. ^London Gazette Issue 34211 published 25 October 1935. Page 2 of 74 22. ^{{cite book |last=Craig |first=F. W. S. |authorlink= F. W. S. Craig |title=British parliamentary election results 1918–1949 |origyear=1969 |edition= 3rd |year=1983 |publisher= Parliamentary Research Services |location=Chichester |isbn= 0-900178-06-X}} 23. ^London Gazette Issue 34633 published 6 June 1939. Page 2 of 24 24. ^London Gazette Issue 34646 published 18 July 1939. Page 2 of 104 25. ^{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0 902 198 84 X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf}} 26. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.gla.ac.uk/services/estates/timetabling/roomphotos/grahamkerrbuilding/ | title=Estates and Buildings: Timetabling | publisher=University of Glasgow | accessdate=12 December 2013}} External links
George Morrison John Buchan }}{{s-ttl | title = Member of Parliament for the Combined Scottish Universities | years = 1935–1950 | with = George Morrison, to 1943; | with2 = Noel Skelton, to Nov 1935; | with3 = Ramsay MacDonald, 1936–1937; | with4 = Sir John Anderson, 1938–1950; | with5 = John Boyd Orr, 1945–1946; | with6 = Walter Elliot, 1946–1950 }}{{s-non | reason = Constituency abolished }}{{s-end}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kerr, John Graham}} 18 : 1869 births|1957 deaths|People from Hertfordshire|People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh|Alumni of the University of Edinburgh|Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge|Embryologists|British zoologists|Fellows of Christ's College, Cambridge|Academics of the University of Glasgow|Fellows of the Royal Society|Unionist Party (Scotland) MPs|Knights Bachelor|Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the Combined Scottish Universities|UK MPs 1931–35|UK MPs 1935–45|UK MPs 1945–50|Camoufleurs |
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