| 词条 | John Houbolt |
| 释义 |
| name = John Houbolt | image = John Houbolt 1962-L-05849.jpg | image_size = 325 | alt = | caption = John Houbolt explains Lunar orbit rendezvous | birth_name=John Cornelius Houbolt | birth_date = {{Birth date|1919|4|10|mf=y}} | birth_place =Altoona, Iowa, U.S. | death_date = {{Death date and age|2014|4|15|1919|4|10|mf=y}} | death_place = Scarborough, Maine, U.S. | nationality = | fields =Aerospace engineering | workplaces = National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics National Aeronautics and Space Administration Langley Research Center | alma_mater = University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, ETH Zurich | thesis_title = | thesis_url = | thesis_year = | doctoral_advisor = | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | known_for = | awards =NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal, 1963 }} John Cornelius Houbolt (April 10, 1919 – April 15, 2014) was an aerospace engineer credited with leading the team behind the lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR) mission mode, a concept that was used to successfully land humans on the Moon and return them to Earth. This flight path was first endorsed by Wernher von Braun in June 1961 and was chosen for Apollo program in early 1962. The critical decision to use LOR was viewed as vital to ensuring that Man reached the Moon by the end of the decade as proposed by President John F. Kennedy. In the process, LOR saved time and billions of dollars by efficiently using existing rocket technology. LifeHoubolt was born in Altoona, Iowa in 1919.[1] He spent part of his childhood in Joliet, Illinois, where he attended Joliet Central High School and Joliet Junior College. He attended the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, earning a Bachelors (1940) and a Masters (1942) degree in civil engineering. He later received a PhD in Technical Sciences in 1957 from ETH Zurich. Houbolt began his career at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics in 1942, and stayed on at NASA after it succeeded NACA, until retirement in 1985.[2] Houbolt was an engineer at the Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, and he was one of the most vocal of a minority of engineers who supported LOR and his campaign in 1961 and 1962. Once this mode was chosen in 1962, many other aspects of the mission were significantly based on this fundamental design decision. He was a guest at Mission control for the Apollo 11 lunar landing.[3] He was awarded the NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal in 1963. He was a member of the National Academy of Engineering.[4] He was awarded an honorary doctorate, awarded on May 15, 2005 at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,[5] and his papers were deposited in the University of Illinois Archives.[1][6] In 2009, the Illinois House of Representatives adopted HR 540 in his honor.[7] He is additionally commemorated in the city of Joliet: The street fronting Joliet Junior College, which he attended, was renamed Houbolt Road; a mural in Joliet Union Station includes a Lunar Module, in reference to his work for NASA; and a wing of the Joliet Area Historical Museum became a permanent exhibit to celebrate his achievements.[8] He lived in Williamsburg, Virginia.[9][10] In later years he lived in Scarborough, Maine.[11] He died at a nursing home there in 2014 of Parkinson's disease.[12] In the HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, Houbolt was played by Reed Birney.[13] Lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR)Although the basics of the lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR) concept had been expressed as early as 1916 by Yuri Kondratyuk[14] and 1923 by German rocket pioneer Hermann Oberth, NASA would provide the first practical application of the concept. Some engineers were concerned about the risks of space rendezvous, especially in lunar orbit, where there would be no fallback options in case of a major mishap.[15] Houbolt had presented the LOR concept to a series of panels. Houbolt has a scheme that has a 50 percent chance of getting a man to the moon and a 1 percent of getting him back[16] Max Faget: His figures lie, he doesn't know what he's talking about[17][18] After many technical conferences debating Direct ascent, Earth orbit rendezvous, and LOR, Wernher von Braun supported the concept. While some aspects of Houbolt's initial estimates were off (such as a 10,000 pound Apollo Lunar Module which was ultimately 32,399 lb (14,696 kg)), his LOR package proved to be feasible with a single Saturn V rocket whereas other modes would have required two or more such rocket launches (or larger rockets than were then available) to lift enough mass into space to complete the mission. Space Shuttle tilesLeading up to the first mission of the Space Shuttle, STS-1, in 1981 Houboult co-wrote a letter[19] with structural engineer Holt Ashley to Chris Kraft, director of Johnson Space Center, imploring him to delay the launch believing the orbiter would suffer major loss of thermal protection tiles, and potentially lose the vehicle.[20] Of particular concern was a strut attaching the nose of the orbiter to the External Tank. Langley Research Center urged further wind tunnel testing, which Kraft reluctantly agreed to do. While the tiles had been an ongoing concern since the original development of the Shuttle, the teams involved believed it was safe to fly by that point. Upon jettisoning, the External Tank did show heat damage around the forward strut area, as feared. On reaching orbit some tiles were visibly missing around the tail of the Shuttle, and fears that the more-critical tiles on the underside of the vehicle were damaged led to a hastily-arranged effort to use KH-11 KENNEN spy satellites and the Kuiper Airborne Observatory to acquire imaging of the Shuttle in orbit to assess the damage. Fortunately, the damage was minimal, and the mission concluded safely. Quotes
References1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.library.illinois.edu/archives/ead/ua/2620117/2620117f.html |title=John C. Houbolt:: An Inventory of the John C. Houbolt Papers at the University of Illinois Archives |publisher=Library.illinois.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-01}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/astros/houbolt.htm |title=Houbolt |publisher=Astronautix.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131210353/http://astronautix.com/astros/houbolt.htm |archivedate=2010-01-31 |df= }} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/features/apollo_lor.html |title=NASA - The Rendezvous That Almost Wasn't |publisher=Nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-09-01}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nae.edu/nae/naepub.nsf/Members+By+UNID/4AE4C25AA558800F8625755200622E4C?opendocument |title=Dr. John C. Houbolt |publisher=Nae.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529195114/http://www.nae.edu/nae/naepub.nsf/Members+By+UNID/4AE4C25AA558800F8625755200622E4C?opendocument |archivedate=2010-05-29 |df= }} 5. ^{{cite web|author=James ObergMonday, June 13, 2005 |url=http://www.thespacereview.com/article/392/1 |title=Academic honors for a spaceflight prophet |publisher=The Space Review |date=2005-06-13 |accessdate=2010-09-01}} 6. ^John C. Houbolt Papers, UIUC Archives 7. ^Bill Status of HR540 8. ^The Soaring Achievements of John C. Houbolt 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1N1-0EB09707DBAF385F.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104170353/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1N1-0EB09707DBAF385F.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2012-11-04 |title=MOON LANDING'S OTHER HERO - DR. JOHN HOUBOLT OF JOLIET - Herald-News (Joliet, IL) | HighBeam Research - FREE trial |publisher=Highbeam.com |date=1999-08-01 |accessdate=2010-09-01}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofjoliet.com/halloffame/scientists/houbolt.htm |title=John Houbolt |publisher=Cityofjoliet.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-01}} 11. ^Matti Kinnunen, Interview with Dr. John Houbolt {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728080344/http://systemsarchitecture.org/mane/Text/houbolt.pdf |date=2011-07-28 }}, Spring 2005, at 5 12. ^http://www.latimes.com/obituaries/la-me-john-houbolt-20140422,0,2634092.story#axzz2zd0WbsJ2 13. ^{{IMDb name|0083714|Reed Birney}} 14. ^ {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114094545/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/monograph4/orbit.htm|date=January 14, 2009}} 15. ^{{cite book |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/ch3.htm | chapter= 3 Missions, Modes, and Manufacturing| title=SP-4206 Stages to Saturn |publisher=History.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-09-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041031024707/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/ch3.htm|archivedate=2004-10-31}} 16. ^{{cite journal| url=https://history.nasa.gov/monograph4.pdf| title=Enchanted Rendezvous: John Houbolt and the Genesis of the Lunar-Orbit Rendezvous Concept| author=James R. Hansen| work=Monographs in Aerospace History Series #4| date=December 1995| accessdate=2006-06-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929003231/https://history.nasa.gov/monograph4.pdf|archivedate=2006-09-29}} 17. ^https://history.nasa.gov/monograph4.pdf 18. ^http://www.thespacereview.com/article/392/1 19. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/KraftCC/KraftCC_2-11-10.htm|title=Christopher C. Kraft, Jr. Oral History|last=|first=|date=2010-02-11|website=www.jsc.nasa.gov|access-date=2018-04-07}}{{dead link|date=January 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} 20. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xcilDgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA253&dq=john%20houbolt&pg=PA253#v=onepage&q=john%20houbolt%20tiles&f=false|title=Into the Black: The Extraordinary Untold Story of the First Flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia and the Astronauts Who Flew Her (revised)|last=White|first=Rowland|last2=Truly|first2=Richard|date=2017-04-18|publisher=Touchstone|isbn=9781501123634|language=en}} 21. ^{{cite web|last=Tennant |first=Diane |url=http://hamptonroads.com/2009/11/forgotten-engineer-was-key-space-race-success |title=Forgotten engineer was key to space race success | HamptonRoads.com | PilotOnline.com |publisher=HamptonRoads.com |date=2009-11-15 |accessdate=2010-09-01}} External links
12 : 1919 births|2014 deaths|American aerospace engineers|NASA people|People from Altoona, Iowa|University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign alumni|ETH Zurich alumni|Joliet Junior College alumni|University of Virginia faculty|People from Scarborough, Maine|Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering|Deaths from Parkinson's disease |
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