| 词条 | John Pascoe Grenfell |
| 释义 |
|name=John Pascoe Grenfell |birth_date=20 September 1800 |death_date= 20 March 1869 (aged 68) |birth_place=Battersea, London, England |death_place=Liverpool, UK |image= John Pascoe Grenfell.jpg |signature= John Pascoe Grenfell signature.png |signature_alt =Cursive signature |caption=Admiral John Pascoe Grenfell |nickname= |allegiance={{flag|Republic of Chile}} {{flag|Empire of Brazil}} |branch={{navy|Chile}} Brazilian Navy |serviceyears= |rank=Admiral |commands= |unit= |battles=Independence of Chile Independence of Peru Independence of Brazil Cisplatine War Ragamuffin War Platine War |awards= |laterwork=Diplomat }}John Pascoe Grenfell (20 September 1800 – 20 March 1869) was a British officer of the Empire of Brazil. He spent most of his service in South America campaigns, initially under the leadership of Lord Cochrane and then {{Interlanguage link multi|James Norton (Brazilian Navy officer)|pt|3=James Norton|lt=Commodore Norton}}. He was the nephew of British politician Pascoe Grenfell and grandfather to General Sir John Grenfell Maxwell. In Brazil, he rose to the rank of admiral and for his achievements was made a knight grand cross of the Imperial Order of the Rose and a knight of the Imperial Order of the Southern Cross.[1] Personal historyEarly historyJohn Pascoe Grenfell was born in Battersea, Surrey on 20 September 1800 to John Maugham Grenfell and his wife Sophia Turner.[2] In 1811 he entered the service of the British East India Company, and in 1819 he joined the Chilean Navy under Lord Cochrane. He took part in most of the conflicts undertaken by Lord Cochrane during the War of Chilean Independence, and rose to the rank of lieutenant. On 5 November 1820 Grenfell took part in the cutting out of the frigate Esmeralda and the following year in the pursuit of the Venganza and Prueba, the last major Spanish warships in the South Pacific.[3] In 1823, he followed Lord Cochrane to Brazil, to fight in the Brazilian War of Independence. In August 1823, Grenfell now a Commander in the small brig Dom Miguel sailed to Belem do Pará and using a similar tactic used by Lord Cochrane at Maranham, persuaded the Portuguese forces to surrender by making them think a larger fleet was in the offing. [4] During the war with Argentina in 1826, he commanded the brig Caboclo as part of the squadron blockading Buenos Aires under (British) Commodore James Norton. On 29 July, while engaged in a ship-to-ship engagement with the Argentine commander, Admiral William Brown, he lost his right arm. [5]He then returned to England to recuperate. Later lifeIn 1828 Grenfell returned to Brazil, and during 1835–36 he commanded as a Commodore a squadron of ships on the lakes of Rio Grande do Sul against 'Farrapos' rebels. He was successful in defeating his opponents and forcing the surrender of the insurgent forces. In 1841 he was promoted to rear-admiral and in 1846 was appointed Brazilian consul general in Liverpool. One of his principal tasks was to supervise the construction of the state-of-the-art steam frigate 'Dom Afonso', to the lines of HMS Fury. She was built by Thomas Royden And Co., of Liverpool with engines from Benjamin Hicks and Co., of Bolton. [6] In 1848, when 'Dom Afonso' was undergoing steam trials on the Mersey with Grenfell, the diplomatic corps and members of the Brazilian and French Royal families on board, the frigate rescued 160 passengers from the America bound immigrant ship Ocean Monarch which had caught fire one day out from Liverpool.[7] The Brazilian government was so pleased with the performance of 'Dom Afonso' that Grenfell was ordered to sign a contract for a second steam frigate called 'Amazonas'. In 1851, when war broke out between Brazil and Argentine dictator Rosas, Grenfell was posted back to Brazil to take command of their naval forces in the River Plate. In December of that year at the Battle of Tonelero, with the 'Dom Afonso' as his flagship, he successfully forced the passage of the Paraná River carrying a Brazilian army which combined with local forces to defeat Rosas. A grateful Brazilian Government recommended that he be made a Viscount, but the Emperor refused as Grenfell was not a Brazilian but had retained his British citizenship. [8] He was however promoted to vice-admiral and then finally admiral and returned to Liverpool to resume his role as consul-general. In 1861, he attended the funeral of Lord Cochrane in Westminster Abbey as the representative of the Brazilian Government. He died in Paris in 1869. FamilyGrenfell married Maria Dolores Masini in Montevideo. They had eight children; John Granville (1829–1866), Maria Dolores (1831–?), Sophia (1833–1898),[9] Maria Emma(1833–?), Alfred (1839–?), Flora (1841–1874), Harry Tremenheere (1845–1906) and Thomas Cochrane (1847–49).[10] HonorsNon-titled nobility honors
Military honors
References1. ^Stewart, Charles Samuel, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UxcIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Brazil and La Plata, the personal record of a cruise], p. 335 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://grenfell.history.users.btopenworld.com/Databases/ghtout/gp80.htm#head3 |title=Col. Harold Maxwell GRENFELL, CMG MVO, b: 1870 – Taplow, England |accessdate=15 June 2012 |publisher=grenfell.history.users.btopenworld.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205195833/http://grenfell.history.users.btopenworld.com/Databases/ghtout/gp80.htm |archivedate= 5 February 2012 |df= }} 3. ^Vale, Brian Cochrane in the Pacific: Fortune and Freedom in Spanish America, I B Tauris, 2008 4. ^Vale, Brian Independence or Death! British Sailors and Brazilian Independence, I B Tauris, 1996 5. ^Vale, Brian A War Betwixt Englishmen: Brazil against Argentina in the River Plate 1825-30, I B Tauris, 2000 6. ^University of Liverpool Special Collections, 'Grenfell Papers'. G/472 7. ^ The Illustrated London News, 2 September 1848 8. ^Vale, Brian, 'Captain J P Grenfell of the Brazilian Navy in the River Plate', in The Naval Miscellany VIII, Navy Records Society, 2017 9. ^I8603: Sophia Grenfell ( – 19 August 1898) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181739/http://web.ukonline.co.uk/nigel.battysmith/Database/D0029/I8603.html |date=30 September 2007 }} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.old-merseytimes.co.uk/Djan1849.html|title=Deaths January 1849 |work=Liverpool Journal |date=20 January 1849}} Bibliography{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
External links{{Commons category-inline|John Pascoe Grenfell}}{{Empire of Brazil}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Grenfell, John, Pascoe}} 12 : 1800 births|1869 deaths|Royal Navy admirals|People of the Chilean War of Independence|Brazilian military personnel|British amputees|People from Battersea|British people of Cornish descent|Grenfell family|Recipients of the Order of the Rose|Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery|19th-century Brazilian military personnel |
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