| 词条 | John Rochester (martyr) |
| 释义 |
BackgroundThe government was at first anxious to secure the public acquiescence of the monks of the London Charterhouse regarding royal supremacy in ecclesiastical matters, since for the austerity and sincerity of their mode of life they enjoyed great prestige. Having failed in this, the only alternative was to annihilate the resistance since a refusal engaged the prestige of the monks in the opposite sense. On 4 May 1535 the authorities sent to their death at Tyburn Tree three leading English Carthusians, John Houghton, prior of the London house, Robert Lawrence and Augustine Webster, respectively priors of Beauvale and Axholme. Little more than a month later, it was the turn of three leading monks of the London house: Humphrey Middlemore, William Exmew and Sebastian Newdigate, who were to die at Tyburn Tree on 19 June. This process of attrition was to claim as its victims no less than fifteen of the London Carthusians. LifeJohn was the third son of John Rochester, of Terling, Essex, and Grisold Writtle, daughter of Walter Writtle, of Bobbingworth.{{sfn|Metcalfe|1879|p=622}} He was the brother of Sir Robert Rochester, Comptroller of the Household and a member of the Privy Council under Queen Mary. He joined the Carthusians, was a choir monk of the Charterhouse in London, and strenuously opposed the new doctrine of the royal supremacy.[2] Four more monks of the London community were seized; two being taken to the Carthusian house at Beauvale in Nottinghamshire, while Dom John Rochester and Dom James Walworth were taken to the Charterhouse of St. Michael in Hull, Yorkshire. Pilgrimage of GraceThat autumn, the government had just succeeded in putting down a rising in Lincolnshire, when on 13 October 1536, the far more serious Pilgrimage of Grace broke out, mustering an enormous multitude of adherents, perhaps as many as 40,000. This time, having dealt with the problem, the government was desperate to stamp out any centres of resistance. Since one of the flashpoints had been the Northern capital of York, it was necessary for the government to mount a lesson in the city. ExecutionsThe two London monks were brought from Hull to York and brought before the Lord President of the North, the Duke of Norfolk, on trumped up treason charges. Condemned to death, they provided the desired menacing spectacle for the city when on 11 May 1537 both were hanged and their bodies hung in chains from the city battlements[2] until they fell to pieces.[3] From arrest to death the two monks were inseparable companions in the same fate. They were both beatified by Pope Leo XIII in 1888.[2] References1. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=mlX8aCewPS8C&pg=PA254&lpg=PA254&dq=John+Rochester+(martyr)&source=bl&ots=880M71b0FV&sig=3oC6ovcsG9m7HS7g_roPdbzRxkA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjj8uGZn6fZAhVhx1kKHWpyBZw4ChDoAQgwMAI#v=onepage&q=John%20Rochester%20(martyr)&f=false Camm, O.S.B., Bede. "The blessed John Rochester", Lives of the English Martyrs, Longman's, Greene and Company, 1914, p. 249] {{catholic|title=Bl. John Rochester}}2. ^1 2 Brown, C.F. Wemyss. "Bl. John Rochester." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 12 Jan. 2013 3. ^[https://archive.org/stream/menologyofenglan00stanrich#page/206/mode/2up Stanton, Richard, A Menology of England and Wales, p.207, Burns & Oates, Ltd., London, 1892] Sources
16 : 1490s births|1537 deaths|Carthusian Martyrs of London|English beatified people|Martyred Roman Catholic priests|16th-century English clergy|People executed under the Tudors for treason against England|People from Terling|Executed people from Essex|English Roman Catholics|16th-century English Roman Catholic priests|16th-century Roman Catholic martyrs|16th-century venerated Christians|People executed by the Kingdom of England by hanging|People executed under Henry VIII of England|Catholic martyrs of England and Wales |
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