| 词条 | John Shaw Billings |
| 释义 |
|name=John Shaw Billings |image= John Shaw Billings 001.jpg |caption= John Shaw Billings ca. 1896 |office=President of the American Library Association |term_start=1901 |term_end=1902 |predecessor=Henry James Carr |successor=James Kendall Hosmer |birth_date={{birth date|1838|4|12}} |birth_place=Allensville, Indiana, USA |death_date={{death date and age|1913|3|11|1838|4|12}} |death_place=New York City, New York, USA |death_cause=Pneumonia |resting_place=Arlington National Cemetery |education = {{unbulleted list|Miami University|Medical College of Ohio}} |occupation={{hlist|Librarian|surgeon}} |spouse={{marriage|Kate M. Stevens|1862|1912|end=d}} |children= 5 |allegiance={{flagicon|United States|1863}} United States |branch=Union Army |unit=Army of the Potomac |battles=American Civil War |rank= First lieutenant }} John Shaw Billings (April 12, 1838 – March 11, 1913) was an American librarian, building designer, and surgeon.[1] However, he is best known as the modernizer of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office of the Army and as the first director of the New York Public Library. In his early years, he was a surgeon and a statistician on medicine in the U.S. Army. Billings oversaw the building of the Surgeon General's Library, the nation's first comprehensive library for medicine. Because of his innovative approaches to improving public health and hospitals, Billings headed the U.S. Census Bureau's division of Vital Statistics and oversaw statistical compilation of censuses. Along with Robert Fletcher, Billings started Index Medicus, a monthly guide to contemporary medicine that ran for 16 months until his retirement at the Medical Museum and Library.[2] He also served as Johns Hopkins Hospital's medical advisor and authored reports regarding criteria for medical and nursing curricula as well as hospital design. In addition to his work at Johns Hopkins Hospital, he was a hygiene faculty member at the University of Pennsylvania, the director at University Hospital, and the Chairman at the Carnegie Institution. BiographyEarly lifeJohn Shaw Billings was born on April 12, 1838 in Allensville, Switzerland County in Indiana. In the century before, his father's family moved to Syracuse, New York after leaving England in 1654. His father was born in Saratoga, New York and was kin of William Billings. Billings' mother, Abby Shaw Billings, was born in Raynham, Massachusetts and was a direct blood relative of the Mayflower settlers. In 1843, Billings' family moved to Rhode Island but returned to Allensville, Indiana in 1848 due to the father's relocation of career as a postmaster.[3] During his childhood, Billings received education in both Providence, Rhode Island and Indiana. He inherited his mother's love for reading and learned Latin and Greek. Due to his love for learning and education, he agreed to renounce any inheritance if his father allowed him to attend college. In 1852, at the age of fourteen, Billings entered Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, which was approximately 50 miles from Switzerland Country.[3] Through his five years at the university, he spent most of his time reading in the library. In 1857, Billings graduated from Miami University second in his class and was admitted a year later to Cincinnati's Medical College of Ohio, today the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. Billings received his medical degree in 1860. His thesis on "The Surgical Treatment of Epilepsy" drew attention from the faculty as it provided accurate indications of the operations implemented at the time. Early careerSettling in Cincinnati, Billings decided to continue surgical practice. Hoping to improve hospital service on the battlefield, he became the anatomy demonstrator at the Cincinnati's Medical College. However, in 1861, he declined an offer to become a surgeon assistant.[3] Instead in 1861, Billings went in for an examination for the regular army, becoming first of his class. However, no vacant spots were available in the regular corps, so he was appointed to be an assistant surgeon in Union Hospital in Georgetown. Because of his surgical skill and talent, he carried out most of the surgical work, holding the reputation for his skills in urethral strictures treatment.[3] The year after, on April 16, Billings was commissioned first lieutenant, and then took charge of Cliffburne Hospital's development in Georgetown as Union Hospital's operations relocated to Cliffburne. In August of that year, he was transferred to Satterlee General Hospital, a new hospital in West Philadelphia. After serving as the Executive Officer at the hospital for several months, he was directed to the Army of the Potomac in March 1863 and was assigned to Sykes' Division of Meade's Corps in the 11th Infantry.[3] Late careerAfter the Civil War, Billings assumed direction of the Army Surgeon General's library from about 1867 to 1895.[4] During this time, Billings expanded the library from 2,300 to 124,000 volumes, making it the largest medical library in the Americas.[4] When Billings inherited the library, its contents were listed primarily by author and secondarily by subject.[4] Billings redesigned the catalog with author and subject indexes.[4] However, his catalog could not meet the demands of increased publications, so he created a separate indexing system for medical periodicals, which became known as the Index Medicus.[4] Billings supervised the 1880 and 1890 U.S. Censuses and worked with the compilation of statistics. He played an important role as he introduced the punch-card system of calculating vital statistics with mechanical methods, which was then implemented into the 1890 census. Billings received an Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in 1892.[3] He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1899.[5] He was also elected an Associate Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1912. After he left the Surgeon General's Office, he united the libraries of New York to form the New York Public Library from 1896 to 1913. The punch-card system he introduced in the U.S. Censuses was further used in the New York Public Library construction. It was Billings who inspired Andrew Carnegie to provide $5 million for the construction of sixty-five branch libraries throughout New York and 2509 libraries in cities and towns across North America and Britain. During the library's construction, Billings directed the re-cataloging of the works from the Lenox, Tilden, and Astor Foundations, which were used to form the Library in 1895. Billings also recruited a young man named Harry Miller Lydenberg to work as his personal assistant and head of reference. Lydenberg expanded upon the collection practices of Billings, and eventually served as Director of NYPL from 1934-1941.[5] Billings was the senior editor of books reporting the work of the Committee of Fifty to Investigate the Liquor Problem in the early 1900s. The Committee researched the activities and publications of the Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). Affiliation with Johns Hopkins UniversityBillings is renowned for his work of planning the construction of the Johns Hopkins University Hospital. He is credited with designing the original buildings of Johns Hopkins Hospital, which opened in 1889, as well as conducting the national and international search for the initial faculty for Johns Hopkins University. He drafted organization and construction plans for the hospital in 1873 and also recommended the construction pavilion plan, which soon became a plan utilized across the nation. Billings wrote numerous reports regarding the training of hospital staff and the organization of the hospital administration.[6] In addition, Billings served as the primary advisor to Daniel Coit Gilman, in charge of engineering and implementing the initial educational infrastructure of Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Although Billings' proposed medical curricula and partitioning of faculty into departments based on specialties were not unprecedented at that time, the establishment of Billing's framework laid the foundation for the resurgence of modern medical schools in the United States. [3]The building with the hospital's trademark dome was subsequently named for Billings. He played a significant role in the determination of the philosophy, structure, organization, and faculty of the Johns Hopkins Medical School. Notable achievementsA senior surgeon in the war, Billings built the Library of the Surgeon General's Office (now the National Library of Medicine), the centerpiece of modern medical information systems.[7] Billings figured out how to analyze medical and demographic data mechanically by turning it into numbers and punching onto cardboard cards as developed by his assistant at the Census Bureau Herman Hollerith. This was the origin of the computer punch card system that dominated statistical data manipulation until the 1970s. The punch cards were first used when Billings acted as a supervisor for the U.S. Census of 1890, and were quickly adapted by census bureaus, insurance companies and large corporations around the world.[8] He came up with the idea for the library when working on his doctoral thesis when he discovered that there was not one library that had the resources needed for his research. To fix this, John Shaw Billings built a collection and also created Index-catalogues. By the time Billings retired from the army, he had already collected 116,847 books and 191,598 pamphlets.[3] This collection made up the National Library of Medicine and it has grown ever since. Billings was known for his expertise in hospital construction since the Civil War. He played a significant role in designing the Johns Hopkins Hospital, making the plans and perfecting the layout perfect for teaching. Billings also helped plan the building of six other institutions, including another hospital.[9] He is recognized for the contributions he made to the U.S. Army. His successful organization of army hospitals set him up for a continuing career in hospital planning.[9] Despite many changes since opening in 1889, the main entrance of Johns Hopkins Hospital remains the same and is known as the Billing's Building. Personal lifeBillings married Kate M. Stevens on September 3, 1862 in St. John's Church, Georgetown (Washington, D.C.). They had five children. His wife died on August 19, 1912, which was a tremendous blow to Billings.[10] During the last several years of his life, he developed a cancer of the lip in 1890 and was diagnosed with bilary calculus, causing him to undergo operation for his cancer and for the removal of his gall bladder. On March 11, 1913, Billings died of pneumonia after an operation for urinary calculus at the age of 74 in New York City.[11] He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery with military honors.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} His portrait,[12] painted by Cecilia Beaux, hangs in the Main Reading Room of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, where several collections of his papers are located.[13] WorksAmong his publications are:[14]
See also{{Portal|Biography|United States Army}}
Notes1. ^{{Cite AMB1920|wstitle=Billings, John Shaw}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://history.amedd.army.mil/biographies/billings.html|title=Office of Medical History - Colonel John Shaw Billings|website=history.amedd.army.mil|access-date=2017-05-01}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/libraries-books-and-printing-biographies/john-shaw-billings#3404707961|title=John Shaw Billings facts, information, pictures {{!}} Encyclopedia.com articles about John Shaw Billings|website=www.encyclopedia.com|language=en|access-date=2017-05-01}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1006879919|title=Fundamentals of government information : mining, finding, evaluating, and using government resources|last=1967-|first=Forte, Eric J.,|others=Hartnett, Cassandra J., 1964-, Sevetson, Andrea,|isbn=9780838913956|edition=Second |location=Chicago|oclc=1006879919}} 5. ^American Antiquarian Society Members Directory 6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.asist.org/pioneers/john-shaw-billings/|title=John Shaw Billings {{!}} ASIS&T|website=www.asist.org|language=en|access-date=2017-05-01}} 7. ^James H. Cassedy, "Numbering the North's Medical Events: Humanitarianism and Science in Civil War Statistics," Bulletin of the History of Medicine, (1992) 66#2 pp 210-233 8. ^{{cite book|author=Allen Kent|title=Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9P1rPFkRZkC&pg=PA338|year=1975|publisher=CRC Press|page=338|display-authors=etal}} 9. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/pdf/john.pdf|title=John Shaw Billings Centennial|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=14 April 2017}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.asist.org/pioneers/john-shaw-billings/|title=John Shaw Billings {{!}} ASIS&T|website=www.asist.org|language=en|access-date=2017-05-03}} 11. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/billings-john-s.pdf|title=Biographical Memoir of John Shaw Billings|last=Mitchell|first=S.|date=August 1917|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=April 20, 2017}} 12. ^{{Cite web| title = Objects of Art: Colonel John Shaw Billings, M.D.| work = U.S. National Library of Medicine| accessdate = 2013-05-30| date = 2012-02-27| url = https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/tour/portraits1.html}} 13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://oculus.nlm.nih.gov/billings81|title=John Shaw Billings Papers 1841-1975|publisher=National Library of Medicine}} 14. ^Lydenberg (1924) 15. ^French translation (1888): [John Shaw] Billings. "Les musées médicaux". {{Google books|sJEKAAAAIAAJ|La Revue scientifique|page=594}}. Vol. 42. An editor of the Revue (see footnote) considers that American medical museums have become an example for France. References
| last = Lydenberg | first = Harry Miller | author-link = Harry M. Lydenberg | title = John Shaw Billings: Creator of the National Medical Library and its Catalogue, First Director of the New York Public Library | publisher = American Library Association | year = 1924 }}
| last = Garrison | first = Fielding H. | title = John Shaw Billings: A Memoir | publisher = Putnam's | year = 1915 | authorlink = Fielding H. Garrison }}
| last = Hasse | first = Adelaide R. | title = Bibliography of the Writings of John Shaw Billings, 1861-1913 }} (Garrison's Memoir, p. 411-422)
External links{{wikisource author}}{{commons category}}
17 : 1838 births|1913 deaths|American book editors|American Civil War surgeons|American librarians|Presidents of the American Library Association|Burials at Arlington National Cemetery|Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|Miami University alumni|New York Public Library people|People of Indiana in the American Civil War|Physicians from New York City|People from Switzerland County, Indiana|United States Army officers|University of Cincinnati College of Medicine alumni|American military doctors|Members of the American Antiquarian Society |
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