| 词条 | Joseph Barcroft |
| 释义 |
LifeBorn in Newry, County Down into a Quaker family, he was the son of Henry Barcroft DL and Anna Richardson Malcomson of The Glen, Newry – a property purchased for his parents by his mother's uncle, John Grubb Richardson and adjoining his own estate in Bessbrook. He was initially educated at Bootham School, York and later at The Leys School, Cambridge. He married Mary Agnetta Ball, daughter of Sir Robert S. Ball, in 1903. He received his degree in Medicine and Science in 1896 from Cambridge University, and immediately began his studies of haemoglobin. In May 1910 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society[1] and would be awarded their Royal Medal in 1922 and their Copley medal in 1943. He would also deliver their Croonian Lecture in 1935.[3] In both the First World War and Second World War he had the prestigious role of Chief Physiologist at the Gas Warfare Centre at Porton Down near Salisbury.[4] In 1936 he was nominated, unsuccessfully, by Professor Arthur Dighton Stammers, Professor of Physiology in the University of the Witwatersrand, for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on the respiratory function of the blood and the functions of the spleen.[5] In the course of his research, he did not hesitate to use himself as a test subject. For example, during the First World War, when he was called to Royal Engineers Experimental Station (near Salisbury) to carry out experiments on asphyxiating gas, he exposed himself to an atmosphere of poisonous hydrogen cyanide. On another occasion he remained for seven days in a glass chamber in order to calculate the minimum quantity of oxygen required for the survival of the human organism, and another time he exposed himself to such a low temperature that he collapsed into unconsciousness. He also studied the physiology of oxygenation at extreme altitudes, and for this purpose he organized expeditions to the peak of Tenerife (1910), to Monte Rosa (1911), and to the Peruvian Andes (1922). Between 1902 and 1905 he was a Governor of Leighton Park School, the Quaker School in Reading. From 1925 to 1937 he held the chair of physiology at Cambridge. His final research, begun in 1933, concerned fetal respiration. He was knighted in 1935.[4] He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1938.[6] During the first years of the Second World War he was again summoned to Porton Down to consult on chemical weapons. He died in Cambridge in 1947. Publications
References1. ^1 {{Cite journal | last1 = Roughton | first1 = F. J. W. | title = Joseph Barcroft. 1872-1947 | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1949.0001 | journal = Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society | volume = 6 | issue = 18 | pages = 315 | year = 1949 | jstor = 768928| pmid = | pmc = }} 2. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Dunn | first1 = P. M. | title = Sir Joseph Barcroft of Cambridge (1872-1947) and prenatal research | doi = 10.1136/fn.82.1.F75 | journal = Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition | volume = 82 | issue = 1 | pages = F75–F76 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10634847| pmc =1721043 }} 3. ^{{cite web| url = http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=1&dsqSearch=%28Surname%3D%27barcroft%27%29| title = Library and Archive Catalogue| publisher = Royal society| accessdate = 9 December 2010| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6FLwniLJV?url=http://royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni%3DDserve.ini%26dsqApp%3DArchive%26dsqCmd%3DShow.tcl%26dsqDb%3DPersons%26dsqPos%3D1%26dsqSearch%3D%28Surname%3D%27barcroft%27%29| archivedate = 24 March 2013| df = dmy-all}} 4. ^1 http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf 5. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/nomination/nomination.php?action=show&showid=698 | title = Nomination Database – Physiology or Medicine | publisher = Nobelprize.org | accessdate = 16 June 2012}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=17 May 2011}} Further readingMost of this article was drawn from the corresponding article on the Italian Wikipedia retrieved (12 June 2006). {{s-start}}{{s-aca}}{{succession box| before = Arthur Keith | title = Fullerian Professor of Physiology | years = 1924–1927 | after = Julian Sorell Huxley}}{{s-end}}{{Copley Medallists 1901-1950}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Barcroft, Joseph}} 16 : 1872 births|1947 deaths|People from Newry|Irish Quakers|British Quakers|British physiologists|Fullerian Professors of Physiology|Recipients of the Copley Medal|Royal Medal winners|Fellows of the Royal Society|Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences|Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|Commanders of the Order of the British Empire|Knights Bachelor|Academics of the University of Cambridge|Alumni of King's College, Cambridge |
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