| 词条 | Core–mantle boundary |
| 释义 |
The core–mantle boundary (CMB in the parlance of solid earth geophysicists) of the Earth lies between the planet's silicate mantle and its liquid iron-nickel outer core. This boundary is located at approximately 2891 km (1796 mi) depth beneath the Earth's surface. The boundary is observed via the discontinuity in seismic wave velocities at that depth due to the differences between the acoustic impedances of the solid mantle and the molten outer core. P-wave velocities are much slower in the outer core than in the deep mantle while S-waves do not exist at all in the liquid portion of the core. Recent evidence suggests a distinct boundary layer directly above the CMB possibly made of a novel phase of the basic perovskite mineralogy of the deep mantle named post-perovskite. Seismic tomography studies have shown significant irregularities within the boundary zone and appear to be dominated by the African and Pacific large low-shear-velocity provinces (LLSVPs).[1] The uppermost section of the outer core is thought to be about 500–1,800 K hotter than the overlying mantle, creating a thermal boundary layer.[2] The boundary is thought to harbor topography, much like Earth's surface, that is supported by solid-state convection within the overlying mantle.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}} Variations in the thermal properties of the core-mantle boundary may affect how the outer core's iron-rich fluids flow, which are ultimately responsible for Earth's magnetic field.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}} The D″ regionThe approx. 200 km thick layer of the lower mantle directly above the boundary is referred to as the D″ region ("D double-prime" or "D prime prime") and is sometimes included in discussions regarding the core–mantle boundary zone.[3] The D″ name originates from mathematician Keith Bullen's designations for the Earth's layers. His system was to label each layer alphabetically, A through G, with the crust as 'A' and the inner core as 'G'. In his 1942 publication of his model, the entire lower mantle was the D layer. In 1950, Bullen found his 'D' layer to actually be two different layers. The upper part of the D layer, about 1800 km thick, was renamed D′ (D prime) and the lower part (the bottom 200 km) was named D″.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}} Seismic discontinuityA seismic discontinuity occurs within Earth's interior at a depth of about 2,900 km (1,800 mi) below the surface, where there is an abrupt change in the speed of seismic waves (generated by earthquakes or explosions) that travel through Earth.[5] At this depth, primary seismic waves (P waves) decrease in velocity while secondary seismic waves (S waves) disappear completely. S waves shear material, and cannot transmit through liquids, so it is thought that the unit above the discontinuity is solid, while the unit below is in a liquid or molten form. The discontinuity was discovered by Beno Gutenberg (1889-1960), a seismologist who made several important contributions to the study and understanding of the Earth's interior. The CMB has also been referred to as the Gutenberg discontinuity, the Oldham-Gutenberg discontinuity, or the Wiechert-Gutenberg discontinuity.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}. In modern times, however, the term Gutenberg discontinuity or the "G" is most commonly used in reference to a decrease in seismic velocity with depth that is sometimes observed at about 100 km below the Earth's oceans.[6] See alsoCore-mantle differentiationReferences1. ^{{cite journal|author1=Lekic, V.|author2=Cottaar, S.|author3=Dziewonski, A.|author4=Romanowicz, B.|last-author-amp=yes|year=2012|title=Cluster analysis of global lower mantle|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=357-358|issue=1–3|pages=68–77|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2012.09.014|bibcode=2012E&PSL.357...68L}} 2. ^{{Cite journal|last=Lay|first=Thorne|last2=Hernlund|first2=John|last3=Buffett|first3=Bruce A.|date=2008|title=Core–mantle boundary heat flow|journal=Nature Geoscience|volume=1|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1038/ngeo.2007.44|issn=1752-0894|bibcode=2008NatGe...1...25L}} 3. ^{{cite book |contribution=Mantle Dynamics and the D" Layer: Impacts of the Post Perovskite Phase |author=WR Peltier |url=http://www.atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca/~peltier/pubs_books/W.R.%20Peltier,%20Mantle%20Dynamics%20and%20the%20D%20doubleprime%20Layer.Implications%20of%20the%20Post-perovskite%20Phase,%20AGU%20Geodynamics%20Series%20Monograph,%20AGU%20Books,%20pages%20217-227,%202007.pdf |year=2007 |pages=217–227 |title=Post-Perovskite: The Last Mantle Phase Transition|work=Volume 174 in AGU Geophysical Monographs|editor1=Kei Hirose |editor2=John Brodholt |editor3=Thome Lay |editor4=David Yuen |isbn=978-0-87590-439-9 |publisher=American Geophysical Union}} 4. ^{{cite |title= The Origin of Hotspots and The D” Layer.|author1=Czechowski L.|journal=In: Montag H., Reigber C. (eds) Geodesy and Physics of the Earth. International Association of Geodesy Symposia|volume=112|pages=392–395}} 5. ^{{Cite journal|date=1981-06-01|title=Preliminary reference Earth model|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0031920181900467|journal=Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors|language=en|volume=25|issue=4|pages=297–356|doi=10.1016/0031-9201(81)90046-7|issn=0031-9201|bibcode=1981PEPI...25..297D|last1=Dziewonski|first1=Adam M.|last2=Anderson|first2=Don L.}} 6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Schmerr|first=N.|date=2012-03-22|title=The Gutenberg Discontinuity: Melt at the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary|journal=Science|volume=335|issue=6075|pages=1480–1483|doi=10.1126/science.1215433|pmid=22442480|issn=0036-8075|bibcode=2012Sci...335.1480S}} External links
2 : Geophysics|Structure of the Earth |
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