“Jourdain Society”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Jourdain Society is or was a controversial society based in the United Kingdom, its aims being ‘the advancement of the science of oology’, the collection and study of intact birds' eggs. Originally the British Oological Association, it changed its name in 1946 in memory of distinguished ornithologist and oologist Reverend Francis Jourdain (1865–1940).^[1]^[2]^[3] The society was a social gathering that held regular dinners.^[4]^[5]

Egg-collecting is the removal of intact, unhatched eggs from a birds' nest, followed by drilling out the contents to keep the egg intact. It was considered a respectable leisure pursuit in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, at a time when conservation, study and hunting were not seen as opposed activities. However the activity became extremely controversial after conservation groups concluded that the taking of rare birds' eggs was a major factor in the extinction and endangerment of rare species, and that the activity was without any real scientific value.^[6]^[7] The collection of new eggs was made illegal in 1954 by the Protection of Birds Act,^[8] and from this point the society was widely believed to act as an information exchange for a hard core of egg-takers and their customers.^[9] Its gatherings of often wealthy collectors were several times raided by police, one raid in 1994 leading to six convictions.^[10]^[11]^[12] The society at one stage held charitable status but later ceased holding this.^[13] A spokesman claimed in 1994 that it expelled members with convictions and in 1998 that the society was composed of "first-class field naturalists who carefully study breeding habits".^[4]

References

1. ^{{cite web|last1=Rubenstein|first1=Julian|title=Operation Easter|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/07/22/operation-easter|website=The New Yorker|accessdate=23 March 2016}}
2. ^{{cite web|last1=Gosler|first1=Andrew|title=Yet Even More Ways To Dress Eggs|url=https://britishbirds.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/article_files/V99/V99_N07/V99_N07_P338_353_A001.pdf|website=British Birds|accessdate=23 March 2016}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Legal Eagle January 2000|url=https://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/LEGALEAG_tcm9-132973.pdf|publisher=RSPB|accessdate=23 March 2016}}
4. ^¹{{cite book|last1=Gwyther|first1=Matthew|chapter=Eagle Eyes on the Egg Thieves (1998)|editor1-last=Moss|editor1-first=Stephen|title=The Hedgerows Heaped with May: The Telegraph Book of the Countryside|date=2012|publisher=Aurum Press|location=London|isbn=9781781311011|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zjfLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT127&lpg=PT125#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=23 March 2016}}
5. ^{{cite book|author=John Lister-Kaye|title=Gods of the Morning: A Bird’s Eye View of a Highland Year|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMl-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT145|date=5 March 2015|publisher=Canongate Books|isbn=978-1-78211-416-1|pages=145–9}}
6. ^{{cite web|title=Oology: The criminal history of the fanatical egg collectors|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3TKkL5y1gmzqgz909b52Bsp/oology-the-criminal-history-of-the-fanatical-egg-collectors|website=BBC|accessdate=23 March 2016}}
7. ^{{cite book|author=David Callahan|title=A History of Birdwatching in 100 Objects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=76XvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA90|date=14 August 2014|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4081-8665-7|pages=90–1}}
8. ^{{cite web|title=Protection of Birds Act 1954|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1954/30/contents/enacted|website=Legislation.gov.uk|publisher=Gov.uk|accessdate=23 March 2016}}
9. ^{{cite web|title=Empty Nests (1995)|url=http://www.itnsource.com/fr/shotlist//ITVProgs/1995/05/11/Y00080042/|website=ITN News|accessdate=23 March 2016|quote="Empty Nests" reports on members of the Jourdain Society, a bird conservation charity, and the illegal snatching of eggs from bird's nests.}}
10. ^{{cite web|last1=Braid|first1=Mary|title=Egg society denies aiding nest thefts: An obscure group named after a Victorian clergyman is accused of acting as a front for illegal collectors who damage rare species|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/egg-society-denies-aiding-nest-thefts-an-obscure-group-named-after-a-victorian-clergyman-is-accused-1440402.html|website=The Independent|accessdate=23 March 2016}}
11. ^{{cite web|last1=Ratcliffe|first1=Roger|title=Forbidden passions, death and birds eggs|url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/forbidden-passions-death-and-birds-eggs-1-2372518|website=Yorkshire Post|accessdate=23 March 2016}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Not Birdwatching, bird(crime)watching! (1996)|url=http://www.birdcare.com/bin/shownews/30|website=RSPB|accessdate=23 March 2016|quote=And just in case you thought egg collecting had stopped, one of the results of the police raid on the annual meeting of the Jourdain Society was the conviction of John Maylin. He pleaded guilty to the possession of 314 Tree Pipit eggs and was fined £500 with £172 costs. The Jourdain Society is named after the distinguished Reverend who was an egg-collector when few people thought how anti-social it was. The Tree Pipit is a delightful little migrant bird currently declining in Britain. Most British birders will never have seen as many as 314 in their lives!}}
13. ^{{cite web|last1=Barkham|first1=Patrick|title=The egg snatchers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/11/g2.ruralaffairs|website=The Guardian|accessdate=23 March 2016}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=Natural Sciences collection|url=http://apps.oxfordshire.gov.uk/cgi-bin/wcm-print.cgi?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=http://apps.oxfordshire.gov.uk/wps/wcm/connect/occ/Internet/Council+services/Leisure+and+culture/Museums/Museums+Resource+Centre/LC+-+M+-+Resource+Centre+-+Natural+Sciences%3Fpagedesign=INTERNET+-+Print|website=Oxfordshire County Council|accessdate=23 March 2016}}