| 词条 | Juan Pardo (explorer) |
| 释义 |
New World explorationPardo led two expeditions from Santa Elena into the interior of the present-day southeastern United States. The first, from December 1, 1566 to March 7, 1567, numbered 125 men who went to seek food and to establish bases among the region's indigenous people.[4][5] He established Fort San Juan at Joara, a Mississippian culture center (near present-day Morganton, North Carolina) and left a garrison behind. Claiming the settlement for Spain, he renamed it Cuenca in honor of the Spanish city Cuenca.[6][7] Pardo led a second expedition from September 1, 1567 to March 2, 1568, and explored the Piedmont interior and south along the Appalachian Mountains. He established additional forts that aimed to supply a land route to Zacatecas in present-day Mexico, where the Spanish had silver mines they wanted to protect. Pardo returned to Santa Elena when he learned of a French raid there.[6] Later in 1568, the Native Americans turned against Pardo's garrisons in the interior, killing all but one of the 120 men and burning down all six forts. The Spanish did not return to the interior of North Carolina. The Joara and Fort San Juan sites are being excavated through the Joara Foundation and a partnership with Warren Wilson College.[8] A stone believed to have been inscribed by Pardo or one of his men is in the collection of the Spartanburg Regional Museum of History. It is inscribed with an arrow and the year 1567. The stone (#454865) was found by a farmer in Inman, South Carolina. In 1569, Pardo left the Florida colony to return to Spain; no further details about his life and death are known after that.[9] Archaeological evidenceSince 1986, archaeologists working at the Berry Site near Morganton have found evidence of mound culture, burned huts and 16th-century Spanish artifacts. There is strong scholarly consensus that this is the site of Joara and Fort San Juan. In 2007, the archaeologists fully excavated one of the burned huts. They found a Spanish iron scale typical of what the expedition would have used.[10][11] See also{{Portal|Indigenous peoples of the Americas|New Spain}}
Further reading{{Library resources box|by=no|onlinebooks=yes|viaf=77876460}}
| publisher = Smithsonian Institution Press | last = Hudson | first = Charles M. | title = The Juan Pardo expeditions: Explorations of the Carolinas and Tennessee, 1566–1568 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NyAD-F3Q85kC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 1990 | oclc = 20422515 }} Clark, Larry Richard (2015). The Last Conquistadors of Southeast North America: Pedro Menendez and the Collapse of La Florida's Frontier. Morganton, NC: TimeSpan Press. {{ISBN|978-1514119020}}References1. ^{{cite journal |author1=Chester B. DePratter |author2=Charles M. Hudson |author3=Marvin T. Smith |title=The Route of Juan Pardo's Explorations in the Interior Southeast, 1566-1568 |journal=The Florida Historical Quarterly |date=October 1983 |volume=62 |issue=2 |url=https://palmm.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/ucf%3A25465 |publisher=Florida Historical Society|page=125}} 2. ^{{cite book|author=David J. Weber|title=The Spanish Frontier in North America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOPdX2qaVrkC&pg=PA70|year=1992|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-05917-5|page=70}} 3. ^{{cite journal | title = Identifying Fort San Juan: A Sixteenth-Century Spanish Occupation at the Berry Site, North Carolina | journal = Southeastern Archaeology | date = 2006 | first = Robin A., Jr. | last = Beck |author2=Moore, David G. |author3=Rodning, Christopher B. | volume = 25 | issue = 1 | pages = 65–77| id = | url = http://www.tulane.edu/~crodning/beckmoorerodning2006.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2013-12-27}} 4. ^{{cite journal |title=Juan Pardo expeditions|url=http://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/juan-pardo-expeditions/|journal=North Carolina History|date = 2016}} 5. ^{{cite journal |title=Juan Pardo, the Indians of Guatari, and first contact|url=http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-twoworlds/1678|journal=Learn NC|date = 1999}} 6. ^1 http://www.northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/165/entry 7. ^{{cite journal |title=Juan Pardo|url=http://www.carolana.com/Carolina/Explorers/juanpardo.html|journal=Carolana|date = 2007}} 8. ^{{cite journal |title=Today in Asheville history: Explorer arrives|url=http://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/local/2015/12/01/today-asheville-history-explorer-arrives/76598266/|journal=Citizen Times|date = 1 December 2015}} 9. ^{{cite journal |title=Pardo, Juan|url=http://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/pardo-juan/|journal=South Carolina Encyclopedia|date = 2016}} 10. ^Constance E. Rice, "Contact and Conflict", American Archaeologist, Spring 2008, pp.14 and 17, accessed 26 Jun 2008 11. ^{{cite web|title=Fort Tells of Spain’s Early Ambitions|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/23/science/fort-tells-of-spains-early-ambitions.html?ref=science&_r=0|publisher=New York Times}} External links
14 : Spanish conquistadors|Spanish explorers|Spanish explorers of North America|Pre-statehood history of North Carolina|Pre-statehood history of South Carolina|Pre-statehood history of Georgia (U.S. state)|Pre-statehood history of Tennessee|Spanish colonization of the Americas|16th-century Spanish people|Year of birth unknown|Year of death unknown|Explorers of the United States|People of Spanish Florida|Colonial United States (Spanish) |
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