| 词条 | Judiciary of Norway |
| 释义 |
The judiciary of Norway is hierarchical with the Supreme Court at the apex. The conciliation boards only hear certain types of civil cases. The district courts are deemed to be the first instance of the Courts of Justice. Jury (high) courts are the second instance, and the Supreme Court is the third instance. CourtsThe structure of the courts of justice is hierarchical, with the Supreme Court at the apex. The conciliation boards only hear certain types of civil cases. The district courts are deemed to be the first instance of the Courts of Justice. Jury (high) courts are the second instance and the Supreme Court is the third instance. Supreme Court{{main|Supreme Court of Norway}}The Supreme Court is Norway's highest court of justice and the instance of appeal for verdicts handed down by courts of a lower level. The court is situated in Oslo. The decisions made here are final and cannot be appealed or complained against. The only exception is for cases that can be brought before the Court for Human Rights in Strasbourg. The King of Norway has sole authority to appoint judges to the country’s Supreme Court and other senior courts. He does so on the advice of the country's Judicial Appointments Board, a body whose members are also appointed by the King.[1] Interlocutory Appeals Committee{{main|Appeals Selection Committee of the Supreme Court of Norway}}Three of the Supreme Court judges form the Interlocutory Appeals Committee. This committee has to agree that a case is to be brought before the Supreme Court. Courts of appeal{{main|Court of appeal (Norway)}}The country is divided into six appellate districts. Each court of appeal (Norwegian: lagmannsrett) is headed by a senior judge president and each court of appeal has several appellate judges. The courts are:
District courts{{main|District court (Norway)}}The district courts (Norwegian: tingrett) are the first instance of the courts of justice. There are 83 district courts. Conciliation boardsA conciliation board is allocated to each municipality. Each conciliation board consists of three lay members and an equal number of deputies elected or appointed by the municipal council for terms of four years. Conciliation boards mediate between disputing parties and are generally authorised to pronounce a verdict. Conciliation boards resolve the majority of civil disputes, but they do not hear criminal cases and participation in their hearings is voluntary. Special courtsThere are special courts that hear or process issues not covered by the District Courts:
Law{{main|Law of Norway}}The king has the right in the Council of State to pardon criminals after sentence has been passed. This right is seldom used and always by the elected government in the name of the King. AdministrationThe Ministry of Justice and Public Security is the government ministry in charge of justice, police and domestic intelligence. The National Courts Administration is the government agency responsible for the management and operations of the courts. It is purely an administrative organisation, and does not interfere with the judicial processes nor the appointment of judges or other judicial positions in the court system. Norwegian prisons are humane rather than tough with emphasis on rehabilitation. At 20% Norway's reconviction rate is among the lowest in the world.[2] OfficersJudgesThe Judicial Appointments Board nominates judges for appointment, who are officially appointed by the Council of State. Lay judges{{further|Lay judge}}In the district courts of Norway, lay judges sit alongside professional judges in mixed courts in most cases.{{sfn|Malsch|2009|p=47}} In most cases, two lay judges sit alongside one professional judge. The court leader may decree that a case have three lay judges sit alongside two professional judges if the workload on that case is high or if there are other compelling reasons.[3] Decisions are made by simple majority.{{sfn|Malsch|2009|p=47}} In the courts of appeal, criminal cases where the maximum penalty is less than six years are tried by a panel consisting of three professional judges and four lay judges.[4] Lay judges are not considered to be representative of the population.{{sfn|Malsch|2009|p=47}} About 75% of lay judges are nominated by the political parties in Norway.{{sfn|Malsch|2009|p=47}} Jurors{{further|Jury}}Juries were used from 1887 to 2019.{{sfn|Malsch|2009|pp=47–48}}[5] In the Court of Appeals (Lagmannsrett), ten jurors determined the issue of guilt where a penalty of six years or more could be imposed.{{sfn|Malsch|2009|pp=47–48}} In complicated and lengthy cases, the number of jurors could be increased to eleven or twelve in case a juror is unable complete the trial. If there were more than ten jurors after the closing arguments, the number was reduced to ten by dismissing jurors by lot.[6] The jury verdict was not final, and the three professional judges could set aside both convictions and acquittals for a retrial in a court of appeal. Retrials would have three professional judges and four lay judges instead of a jury.[7] Jurors were selected from the lay judge roster for that court of appeal. The municipalities were responsible for assigning people to the roster.[8] The last case tried before a jury in Norway was the case against Eirik Jensen. The decision of the jury was set aside by the three judges. [9] See also
Notes1. ^[https://jacobitemag.com/2018/06/29/the-free-worlds-least-democratic-courts/ The World's Least Political Courts] Jacobite 2. ^[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-35813470 Anders Breivik: Just how cushy are Norwegian prisons?] BBC 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1981-05-22-25/KAPITTEL_5-5#§293|title=Lov om rettergangsmåten i straffesaker (Straffeprosessloven). Femte del. Saksbehandlingens enkelte ledd.|language=Norwegian|accessdate=1 August 2014}} §276 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.domstol.no/no/Straffesak/Sakstyper/Meddomsrett/|title=Meddomsrett|publisher=domstol.no|language=Norwegian|accessdate=6 August 2014}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=https://lovdata.no/dokument/DEL/forskrift/2017-10-13-1613?q=jury|title=Ikraftsetting av lov 16. juni 2017 nr. 58 om endringer i straffeprosessloven mv. (oppheving av juryordningen) med overgangsbestemmelser|publisher=Justis- og beredskapsdepartementet|language=Norwegian|accessdate=29 January 2019}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1981-05-22-25/KAPITTEL_6-2#KAPITTEL_6-2|title=Lov om rettergangsmåten i straffesaker (Straffeprosessloven)|language=Norwegian|accessdate=1 August 2014}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/jd/dok/nouer/2011/nou-2011-13/9/12/5.html?id=648189|title=8.12.5 Tilsidesettelse av juryens kjennelse|publisher=Justis- og beredskapsdepartementet|language=Norwegian|accessdate=1 August 2014}} 8. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/jd/dok/nouer/1999/nou-1999-19/12/2/3.html?id=353905|title=Domstolene i samfunnet|publisher=Justis- og beredskapsdepartementet|language=Norwegian|accessdate=1 August 2014}} 9. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newsinenglish.no/2019/01/28/corrupt-cop-faces-a-brand-new-trial/|title=Accused cop faces a brand new trial|publisher=News in English|language=English|accessdate=29 January 2019}} References{{refbegin}}
External links
3 : Norwegian law|Judiciary of Norway|Government of Norway |
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