“Junonia lemonias”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Junonia lemonias, the lemon pansy,^[1]^[2] is a common nymphalid butterfly found in South Asia.^[1]^[2] It is found in gardens, fallow land, and open wooded areas.

Description

It is brown with numerous eyespots as well as black and lemon-yellow spots and lines on the upperside of the wings. The underside is a dull brown, with a number of wavy lines and spots in varying shades of brown and black. There is also an eyespot on the lower side of the forewing. The wet- and dry-season forms differ considerably in coloration and even shape. In the wet-season form the markings are distinct and vivid and the wing shape is a little more rounded. In the dry-season form the markings are obscure and pale especially on the underside and the wing margin is more angular and jagged. This helps it camouflage in the dried leaf litter.^[5]

The lemon pansy is a very active butterfly and can be seen basking with its wings open facing the sun. It sits very low to the ground and can be approached easily. It feeds with its wings half open. It is a fairly strong flier and flies close to the ground with rapid wingbeats and often returns to settle back in the same spots.^[3]^[4]

Life cycle

Eggs

Eggs are laid singly on the underside of leaves. The egg is green and barrel shaped with longitudinal ridges.

Caterpillar

The caterpillar is cylindrical, uniformly thick and covered with rows of spines which are branched at the tip. It is dull black with a faint blue sheen and has dorsal stripe of a darker color. There is a distinct orange ring behind the head. The caterpillar stays on the underside of the leaf and if disturbed, rolls up and drops to the ground.^[3]

Pupa

Pupation takes place in dense foliage close to the ground. The pupa is compact, with small conical processes on its rough surface. The pupa is well camouflaged with varying shades of brown with fine streaks and lines.^[3]

Food plants

Caterpillars feed on plants from the families Acanthaceae, Amaranthaceae, Malvaceae, Rubiaceae, Tiliaceae and Verbenaceae. Recorded species include Alternanthera sessilis, Barleria cristata, Barleria prionitis, Blechum pyramidatum, Cannabis sativa, Corchorus capsularis, Dyschoriste repens, Eranthemum pulchellum, Hemigraphis schomburgkii, Hygrophila auriculata, Hygrophila costata, Hygrophila lancea, Lepidagathis formosensis, Lepidagathis incurva, Nelsonia canescens, Ophiorrhiza japonica, Phyla nodiflora, Ruellia tuberosa, Sida rhombifolia, and Strobilanthes formosanus.^[5]

See also

Notes

1. ^¹{{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287980260_A_Synoptic_Catalogue_of_the_Butterflies_of_India|title=A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India |last=Varshney |first=R.K. |last2=Smetacek|first2=Peter|publisher=Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal & Indinov Publishing, New Delhi|year=2015|isbn=978-81-929826-4-9|location=New Delhi|pages=219|doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.3966.2164}}
2. ^¹{{cite web |last=Savela |first=Markku |url=http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/nymphalinae/junonia/#lemonias |title=Junonia lemonias (Linnaeus, 1758) |website=Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms |accessdate=July 2, 2018}}
3. ^¹²³{{citation-attribution|{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/butterfliesvolii00bing#page/356/mode/2up/ |title=Fauna of British India. Butterflies Vol. 1|last=Bingham|first=Charles Thomas|authorlink=Charles Thomas Bingham|publisher=|year=1905|isbn=|location=|pages=357–358}}|}}
4. ^{{citation-attribution|{{Cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/103628#page/87/mode/1up|title=Lepidoptera Indica. Vol. IV|last=Moore|first=Frederic|authorlink=Frederic Moore|publisher=Lovell Reeve and Co.|year=1899-1900|isbn=|location=London|pages=75–77}}|}}
5. ^HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants (http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/hostplants/) accessed on September 13, 2007.