| 释义 |
- Interpretations
- References
- Sources
- Further reading
{{Buddhist term
|pi=Jāti
|sa=Jāti
|si=ජාති
|si-Latn=
|zh=生
|zh-Latn=shēng
|ja=生
|ja-Latn=shō
|km= ជាតិ
(Cheat)
|ko=
|ko-Latn=
|mnw=
|mnw-Latn=
|my=ဇာတိ
|my-Latn=zàtḭ
|shn=ၸႃႇတီႉ
|shn-Latn=tsaa2 ti5
|th=
|vi=sinh
|bo=skyed.ba
|en=birth
}}In Buddhism, Jāti (Sanskrit/Pāli), "birth", refers to physical birth; to rebirth, the arising of a new living entity within saṃsāra (cyclic existence); and to the arising of mental phenomena. InterpretationsWithin the teachings on the Four Noble Truths, jāti refers to physical birth, and is qualified as dukkha (suffering): "Now this, monks, is the noble truth of dukkha: birth (jati) is dukkha, aging is dukkha, death is dukkha." In traditional Buddhist thought, there are four forms of birth:[1][2] - birth from an egg (Sanskrit: Andaja; Pali: Aṇḍaja; {{zh|c=卵生}}; {{lang-bo|Sgongskyes}})—like a bird, fish, or reptile;
- birth from a womb (Sanskrit: Jarayuja; Pali: Jalābuja; {{zh|c=胎生}}; {{lang-bo|Mnal-skyes}})—like most mammals and some worldly devas;
- birth from moisture (Sanskrit: Samsvedaja; Pali: Saṃsedaja; {{zh|c=濕生}}; {{lang-bo|Drod-skyes}})—probably referring to the appearance of animals whose eggs are microscopic, like maggots appearing in rotting flesh;
- birth by transformation (Sanskrit: Upapaduka; Pali: Opapatika; {{zh|c=化生}}; {{lang-bo|Rzus-skyes}})—miraculous materialization, as with most devas.
{{Nidanas|float=right}}Jāti is the eleventh link within the eleventh Nidāna of paṭiccasamuppāda ("dependent arising" or "dependent origination"), where it can refer both to rebirth and to the arising of mental phenomena.{{sfn|Analayo|2008|p=93-94}} The Vibhanga, the second book of the Theravada Abbidhamma, treats it in both ways. In the Suttantabhajaniya it is described as rebirth, which is conditioned by becoming (bhava), and gives rise to old age and death ({{IAST|jarāmaraṇa}}) in a living being. In the Abhidhammabhajaniya it is treated as the arising of mental phenomena.{{sfn|Analayo|2008|p=93-94}} References1. ^佛學問答第三輯
2. ^Bot Thubten Tenzin Karma and Rebirth
Sources{{refbegin}}- {{Citation | last =Analayo | year =2007 | title =Rebirth and the Gandhabba | journal =Journal of Buddhist Studies 1: 91-105 | url =https://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/pdf/5-personen/analayo/rebirth-gandhabba.pdf}}
{{refend}}Further reading- Single suttas
- Piyadassi Thera (trans.) (1999). Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting in Motion the Wheel of Truth (SN 56.11). Retrieved 2007-06-13 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.011.piya.html.
- Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997). Paticca-samuppada-vibhanga Sutta: Analysis of Dependent Co-arising (SN 12.2). Retrieved 2007-06-20 from "Access to Insight" at https://web.archive.org/web/20060512063953/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/samyutta/sn-12-002-tb0.html.
- Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2000). Maha-satipatthana Sutta: The Great Frames of Reference (DN 22). Retrieved 2007-06-20 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.22.0.than.html.
- {{Citation| last =Bhikkhu |first=Thanissaro |authorlink=Thanissaro Bhikkhu | year =1997 | title =Tittha Sutta: Sectarians|id= AN 3.61 | url =http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an03/an03.061.than.html | accessdate =12 November 2007}}
- Sutta-collections
- {{Citation| last = Bodhi |first=Bhikkhu |authorlink=Bhikkhu Bodhi | year =2000 | title =The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya | publisher =Wisdom Publications | place =Boston | isbn=0-86171-331-1}}
- {{Citation| last = Nanamoli |first=Bhikkhu |authorlink=Bhikkhu Nanamoli | year =1995 | title =The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Majjhima Nikaya| place =Boston | publisher =Wisdom Publications | isbn =0-86171-072-X}}
- Commentaries and interpretations
- {{Citation| last =Ajahn Sumedho | year =2002 | title =The Four Noble Truths | publisher =Amaravati Publications }}
- {{Citation| last =Ajahn Sucitto | year =2010 | title =Turning the Wheel of Truth: Commentary on the Buddha's First Teaching | publisher =Shambhala }}
- {{Citation| last =Das |first=Surya |authorlink=Surya Das | year =1997 | title =Awakening the Buddha Within | publisher =Broadway Books, Kindle Edition}}
- {{Citation | last =Epstein | first =Mark |authorlink=Mark Epstein| year =2004 | title =Thoughts Without A Thinker: Psychotherapy from a Buddhist Perspective | publisher = Basic Books, Kindle Edition}}
- {{Citation| last =Goldstein | first = Joseph |authorlink=Joseph Goldstein (writer) | year =2002 | title =One Dharma: The Emerging Western Buddhism | publisher =HarperCollins}}
- {{Citation| last =Moffitt | first =Phillip| year =2008 | title =Dancing with Life: Buddhist Insights for Finding Meaning and Joy in the Face of Suffering | publisher =Rodale, Kindle Edition}}
- {{Citation| last= Nhat Hanh | first=Thich |authorlink=Thich Nhat Hanh | year =1999 | title =The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching | publisher = Three River Press}}
- {{Citation| last= Rahula| first=Walpola |authorlink=Walpola Rahula | year =2007 | title =What the Buddha Taught| publisher = Grove Press, Kindle Edition}}
- {{Citation| last =Trungpa |first=Chogyam |authorlink=Chogyam Trungpa| year =2009 | title =The Truth of Suffering and the Path of Liberation (edited by Judy Leif) | publisher =Shambhala }}
- {{Citation| last= Tulku|first=Ringu | year =2005 | title =Daring Steps Toward Fearlessness: The Three Vehicles of Tibetan Buddhism| publisher = Snow Lion}}
- Scholarly
- {{Citation| last =Gethin | first = Rupert |authorlink=Rupert Gethin | year =1998 | title =Foundations of Buddhism | publisher =Oxford University Press}}
- {{Citation| last =Harvey | first =Peter | year =1990 |title =Introduction to Buddhism | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}
- {{Citation| last =Kalupahana | first =David J. |authorlink=David Kalupahana| year =1992 | title =A history of Buddhist philosophy | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited}}
- {{Citation| last = Keown| first = Damien |authorlink=Damien Keown| year = 2003| title = Dictionary of Buddhism| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 0-19-860560-9 }}
{{s-start}}{{succession box| before=Bhava | title=Twelve Nidānas | years='''Jāti'''| after={{IAST|Jarāmaraṇa}}|
}}{{s-end}}{{Buddhism topics}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Jati (Buddhism)}} 1 : Buddhist terminology |