“Kaal”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Kaal or {{IAST|Kāla}} ({{lang-sa|काल}} {{IPA-sa|kaːlɐ|}}; {{lang-ta|காலம்}}{{IPA audio link|Ta-காலம்.ogg}} kaalam or kaala) is a word used in Sanskrit to mean "time".^[1] The Tamil word kaalam refers to duration (an interval) in time.{{fact|date=April 2018}} It is also the name of a deity, in which sense it is not always distinguishable from {{IAST|kāla}}, meaning "black". It is often used as one of the various names or forms of Yama. Kaal/Kaala is also referred to the concept of Spacetime. In the Yogic System the concept of SpaceTime was referred to as one word rather than two separate concepts of Space (darkness) and Time.

Etymology

Monier-Williams's widely used Sanskrit-English dictionary^[2] lists two distinct words with the form {{IAST|kāla}}.

According to Monier-Williams, {{IAST|kāla}} 2 is from the verbal root {{IAST|kal}} "to calculate", while the root of {{IAST|kāla}} 1 is uncertain, though possibly the same.^[3]

As a deity

As applied to gods and goddesses in works such as the {{IAST|Devī}} {{IAST|Māhātmya}} and the Skanda {{IAST|Purāṇa}}, {{IAST|kāla}} 1 and {{IAST|kāla}} 2 are not readily distinguishable. Thus Wendy Doniger, translating a conversation between {{IAST|Śiva}} and {{IAST|Pārvatī}} from the Skanda {{IAST|Purāṇa}}, says {{IAST|Mahākāla}} may mean " 'the Great Death' ... or 'the Great Black One' ".^[4] And {{IAST|Swāmī}} {{IAST|Jagadīśvarānanda}}, a Hindu translator of the {{IAST|Devī}} {{IAST|Māhātmya}}, renders the feminine compound {{IAST|kāla-rātri}} (where {{IAST|rātri}} means "night") as "dark night of periodic dissolution".^[5]

As Time personified, destroying all things, Kala is a god of death sometimes identified with Yama.

In the epics and the Puranas

Kala appears as an impersonal deity within the Mahabharata, the Ramayana, and the Bhagavata Purana. In the Mahabharata, Krishna, one of the main characters, reveals his identity as Time personified. He states to Arjuna that both sides on the battlefield of the Kurukshetra War have already been annihilated. At the end of the epic, the entire Yadu dynasty (Krishna's family) is similarly annihilated. The story ends with Yudhishthira, the last of the Pandava brothers, entering Heaven in his human form, thereby closing the link. In Heaven, Yudi sees everyone within the story, both people whom he hated, and people whom he loved, and is happy to see them all. He then sees their transcendent cosmic forms, Krishna as Vishnu, Draupadi as uma, and realizes that the participants in the play were merely gods in human form, engaging in pastimes and working out their karma. Yudi then abandons his bitterness and spends the rest of eternity in Heaven, it is a happy ending.

Kala appears in the Uttara Kanda of the Ramayana, as the messenger of Death (Yama). At the end of the story, Time, in the form of inevitability or necessity, informs Rama that his reign on Earth is now over. By a trick or dilemma, he forces the death of Lakshmana, and informs Rama that he must return to the realm of the gods. Lakshmana willingly passes away with Rama's blessing and Rama returns to Heaven.

Time appears in the Bhagavata Purana as the force that is responsible for the imperceptible and inevitable change in the entire creation. According to the Purana, all created things are illusory, and thereby subject to creation and annihilation, this imperceptible and inconceivable impermanence is said to be due to the march of Time. Similarly, Time is considered to be the unmanifest aspect of God that remains after the destruction of the entire world at the end of a lifespan of Brahma.

In the Chaitanya Bhagavata, a Gaudiya Vaishnavist text and biography of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, it is said that the fire that emerges from the mouth of Sankarshana at the End of Time is the Kālānala, or "fire of Time".^[6] One of the names of Sankarshana is kālāgni, also "fire of Time".^[7]

The Vishnu Purana also states that Time (kala) is one of the four primary forms of Vishnu, the others being matter (Pradhana), visible substance (vyakta), and Spirit (Purusha).^[8]^[9]

In the Bhagavad Gita

At Bhagavad Gita 11.32, Krishna takes on the form of kāla, the destroyer, announcing to Arjuna that all the warriors on both sides will be killed, apart from the Pandavas:

This verse means: "Time (kāla) I am, the great destroyer of the worlds, and I have come here to destroy all people."^[10] This phrase is famous for being quoted by J. Robert Oppenheimer as he reflected on the Manhattan Project's explosion of the first nuclear bomb in 1945.

In other cultures

In Javanese mythology, Batara Kala is the god of destruction. It is a very huge mighty and powerful god depicted as giant, born of the sperm of Shiva, the kings of gods.

In Borobudur, the gate to the stairs is adorned with a giant head, making the gate look like the open mouth of the giant. Many other gates in Javanese traditional buildings have this kind of ornament. Perhaps the most detailed Kala Face in Java is on the south side of Candi Kalasan.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA185|accessdate=19 December 2012|date=5 October 2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|pages=185–}}
2. ^Sanskrit and Tamil Dictionaries
3. ^Sanskrit and Tamil Dictionaries
4. ^Doniger O'Flaherty, Wendy; Hindu Myths; Penguin, 1975; {{ISBN|0-14-044306-1}} footnote to page 253.
5. ^{{IAST|Jagadīśvarānanda}} trans; Devi Mahatmyam (Sanskrit and English); Sri Ramakrishna Math, Madras, 1953; chapter 1 verse 78.
6. ^{{Cite book|title=Chaitanya-Bhagavata|last=Thakura|first=Vrndavana Dasa|publisher=|others=Translated by Sarvabhavana Dasa|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=203|quote=|via=}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.stephen-knapp.com/thousand_names_of_lord_balarama.htm|title=A Thousand Names of Lord Balarama|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|note=}}
8. ^{{Cite book|title=The Vishńu Puráńa: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition|last=Wilson|first=Horace H.|publisher=|year=1840|isbn=|location=|pages=ix|chapter=Preface|quote=|via=}}
9. ^{{Cite book|title=Theory of Avatāra and Divinity of Chaitanya|last=Roy|first=Janmajit|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|year=2002|isbn=|location=New Dehli|pages=66|chapter=Signs and Symptoms of Avatārahood|quote=|via=}}
10. ^See [https://www.bhagavad-gita.us/bhagavad-gita-11-32/ text and translation]