| 词条 | Cospicua |
| 释义 |
| name = Cospicua | native_name = Bormla | native_name_lang = mt | official_name = | other_name = Bir Mula, Burmola, Bormola Città Cospicua, Città Cottonera | settlement_type = City and Local council | image_skyline = Cospicua Dock 1.jpg | image_caption = Cospicua as seen from Dock No. 1 | image_flag = BormlaHTML.gif | image_shield = Bormla coa.jpg | etymology = | nickname = Belt l-Immakulata | motto = Ingens Amplectitur Agger (Embraced by a large bastion) | image_map = Bormla in Malta.svg | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|35|52|56|N|14|31|20|E|type:city_region:MT|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Malta}} | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = South Eastern Region | subdivision_type2 = District | subdivision_name2 = Southern Harbour District | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | parts_type = Borders | parts_style = para | p1 = Birgu, Fgura, Kalkara, Paola, Senglea, Żabbar | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Alison Zerafa | leader_party = PL | unit_pref = Metric | area_total_km2 = 0.9 | area_note = | area_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_footnotes = | population_total = 5395 | population_as_of = March 2014 | population_footnotes = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_demonym = Bormliż (m), Bormliża (f), Bormliżi (pl) | timezone1 = CET | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = CEST | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = BML | area_code_type = Dialing code | area_code = 356 | iso_code = MT-06 | blank_name_sec1 = Patron saint | blank_info_sec1 = Immaculate Conception or the Virgin Mary | blank1_name_sec1 = Day of festa | blank1_info_sec1 = 8 December | website = | footnotes = }}Cospicua ({{lang-mt|Bormla}} {{IPA-mt|ˈbɔrmlɐ|}}), also known by its titles Città Cospicua or Civitas Cottonera, is a double-fortified harbour city in the South Eastern Region of Malta. Along with Birgu and Senglea, it is one of the Three Cities, located within the Grand Harbour to the east of the capital city Valletta. With a population of 5,395 as of March 2014, it is the most dense city of the Three Cities.[1] EtymologyThe Maltese name "Bormla" or Burmula derives from Bir Mula that means [the] well of the Lord.[1] HeritageHistoryCospicua has been inhabited since Neolithic times{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}. Its maritime facilities started during ancient times around the Phoenician era c. 600 BC. Prior to the 18th century it was known as Bormla, a name which is still in use. Its fortification walls, constructed to protect the town and its neighbours Birgu and Isla, were built by the Order of Saint John. Construction began in 1638 but was not completed for another 70 years. In 1722, Grand Master Marc'Antonio Zondadari declared Bormla a city and in view of its strong bastions named it Città Cospicua.[2] In 1776, the Order of St. John started to construct a dockyard, which was to play a vital role in the development of this city.[2] During British rule in Malta, the Royal Navy made extensive use of the dockyard, particularly during the Crimean War,[3] the First World War and during the years preceding the Second World War. Cospicua, along with the rest of the area around the Grand Harbour, was heavily bombed during this last war as Malta was under siege by the Axis powers.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} As Malta became an independent country, the city's dockyard frequently became a bone of contention between the General Workers Union, to which most of its employees belonged, and successive governments. In the early 21st century the dockyard was substantially downsized under the governance of the Nationalist Party after it was found that the cost of operating the site was responsible for around 25% of Malta's national debt.[4] Plans are now underway for the transformation of an area of the dockyard into a commercial and tourist centre.[5] Cospicua is also known as Belt l-Immakulata or the City of the Immaculate, referring to the Immaculate Conception or the Virgin Mary, who is the patron of the city. every year a feast is being held on 8 December.[6] CultureCospicua celebrates its feast which is held annually on 8 December in honour of the Immaculate Conception.[7] Cospicua is known for its celebration of Good Friday, which began in the 18th century and is a popular tourist attraction. A statue of the Resurrection of Jesus is traditionally carried across the city's streets to symbolize Jesus' triumph over death. Smaller statues are also exhibited in the city.[8] The people of Cospicua started the famous and artistic first 'Mejda tal-Appostli', which literally means, the table of the Apostles. It consists of a display showing the food that was eaten during the Last Supper of Jesus and the 12 Apostles. It also consists of different stories of the Bible, made with coloured rice and salt, on plates (these are done separately).{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} Cospicua's football team is the St. George's F.C., thought to be the oldest on the island. Documentation shows that by 1885 there were already three football teams at Cospicua, which merged to form the current club in 1890.[9] Cospicua is also famous for its Regatta team, which was one of the first. This team has won 17 shields (titles) overall, second only to Senglea.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} The 1st Cospicua Scout Group as formed in 1917.[10] The St. George's Band Club was officially founded in 1862. Its first name was 'La Banda dei Cospicuani' but when Giorgio Crispo Barbaro, Marquis of St. George became first president of the Band, the name was changed to the present one.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} ArchitectureThe city's fortifications, namely the Santa Margherita Lines and the Cottonera Lines, are largely intact although they are in need of restoration. Saint Helen's Gate, also known as Vilhena Gate, is a gateway which forms part of the Santa Margherita Lines which is a tourist attraction itself. The Dock area also has some Georgian architecture.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} The Parish church of the Immaculate Conception, the church of St. Theresa, and the chapels of St. Paul and St. Margaret are also attractions. The celebrations and feasts on Good Friday, Easter Sunday, and the village feast on 8 December also attract tourists, as well as the statues of the Resurrection and the Immaculate Conception.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} Cospicua also has an ethnography, social history, anthropology museum and cultural venue known as Bir Mula Heritage. A 16th century lodge built by the Order of St John, simply known as The Lodge, is also used for exhibitions and other events. Adjacent to the lodge is another 16th-century building which houses a community radio station Kottoner 98FM.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} DemographicsThe first recorded census of the Maltese islands took place in 1901. Cospicua (listed as Bormla in census documents) is recorded as having a population of 12,148 people. This figure remained relatively stable until 1931, but by 1948 had reduced to 4,822. After rising to 9,095 by 1957 and 9,123 in 1967, the city's population fell in the following three censuses.[11] A March 2011 estimate gave the population of Cospicua as 5,658.[12] Its population stood 5,479 as of March 2013,[13] and 5,395 in March 2014.[14] Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.8) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.7,0.8) ImageSize = width:455 height:303 PlotArea = left:50 bottom:50 top:30 right:30 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:15000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:5000 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:1000 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:1901 text:1901 bar:1911 text:1911 bar:1921 text:1921 bar:1931 text:1931 bar:1948 text:1948 bar:1957 text:1957 bar:1967 text:1967 bar:1985 text:1985 bar:1995 text:1995 bar:2005 text:2005 bar:2011 text:2011 PlotData= color:barra width:20 align:left bar:1901 from: 0 till:12148 bar:1911 from: 0 till:12164 bar:1921 from: 0 till:11536 bar:1931 from: 0 till:12163 bar:1948 from: 0 till:4822 bar:1957 from: 0 till:9095 bar:1967 from: 0 till:9123 bar:1985 from: 0 till:7731 bar:1995 from: 0 till:6085 bar:2005 from: 0 till:5657 bar:2011 from: 0 till:5249 PlotData= bar:1901 at:12148 fontsize:XS text: 12148 shift:(-8,5) bar:1911 at:12164 fontsize:XS text: 12164 shift:(-8,5) bar:1921 at:11536 fontsize:XS text: 11536 shift:(-8,5) bar:1931 at:12163 fontsize:XS text: 12163 shift:(-8,5) bar:1948 at:4822 fontsize:XS text: 4822 shift:(-8,5) bar:1957 at:9095 fontsize:XS text: 9095 shift:(-8,5) bar:1967 at:9123 fontsize:XS text: 9123 shift:(-8,5) bar:1985 at:7731 fontsize:XS text: 7731 shift:(-8,5) bar:1995 at:6085 fontsize:XS text: 6085 shift:(-8,5) bar:2005 at:5657 fontsize:XS text: 5657 shift:(-8,5) bar:2011 at:5249 fontsize:XS text: 5249 shift:(-8,5) TextData= fontsize:S pos:(20,20) text:Census data Notable people
GovernmentCospicua's local council was established by the Local Councils Act of 1993. The first election was held on 16 April 1994 and Joseph Carbonaro was elected as mayor. After the 2000 elections, Paul Muscat became mayor and after the 2003 elections he was succeeded by Joseph Scerri. Scerri remained mayor for 10 years before being succeeded by Alison Zerafa after the 2013 elections.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} The present local council is made up of the following members:[20]
Zones in BormlaThe following is a list of places in Bormla:{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}
In addition, the zone of Tal-Ħawli was also historically part of Cospicua. However this area was put under the jurisdiction of the Birgu Local Council in 1994.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} References1. ^{{cite book|last1=Abela|first1=Giovanni Francesco|authorlink1=Giovanni Francesco Abela|title=Della Descrizione di Malta Isola nel Mare Siciliano con le sue Antichità, ed Altre Notizie|date=1647|publisher=Paolo Bonacota|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krRTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false|language=Italian}} 2. ^1 {{cite journal |url=http://www.doi.gov.mt/EN/archive/Pajjizna/N54/Pajjizna%2054E.pdf |title=Bormla |work=Pajjizna |publisher=Department of Information (Malta) |volume=54 |pages=12–13 |accessdate=8 September 2011}} 3. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o1QO1Tk-FsMC&pg=PA92&dq=cospicua+crimean+war&hl=en&ei=huZxTunSHIedOuvTjKgJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=cospicua%20crimean%20war&f=false |last=Borg |first=Victor |title=Rough Guide to Malta and Gozo |publisher=Rough Guides |year=2001 |page=92 |isbn=1-85828-680-8}} 4. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20020520/news/yards-downsizing-process-has-cost-lm3m-so-far.175283 |last=Fenech |first=Natalino |title=`Yards` downsizing process has cost Lm3m so far |work=The Times of Malta |date=20 May 2002}} 5. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20050621/letters/the-cottonera-waterfront-project.86546 |last=Abela |first=Lorry |title=The Cottonera Waterfront Project |work=The Times of Malta |date=21 June 2005}} 6. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20041215/letters/cospicua-celebrations.104426 |last=Mifsud |first=Joe |title=Cospicua celebrations |work=The Times of Malta |date=15 December 2004}} 7. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.com.mt/news2.asp?artid=42583|title=Feast of the Immaculate Conception to be celebrated|work=The Malta Independent|date=27 November 2006|accessdate=22 August 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330020432/http://www.independent.com.mt/news2.asp?artid=42583|archivedate=30 March 2012|df=dmy-all}} 8. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20030421/local/traditional-celebration-still-drawing-the-crowds.151771|last=Cini|first=George|title=Traditional celebration still drawing the crowds|work=The Times of Malta|date=21 April 2003|accessdate=22 August 2011}} 9. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20091027132808/http://geocities.com/geldof_99/st_geo.html St. George's]. Archived from geocities.com on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2011. 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cospicuascouts.org/19171937.htm|title=History: 1917-1937|publisher=1st Cospicua Scout Group|accessdate=22 August 2011}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nso.gov.mt/docs/Census2005_Vol1.pdf |title=Census of population and housing 2005 |publisher=Malta National Statistics Office |year=2007 |page=51}} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mjha.gov.mt/MediaCenter/PDFs/1_Population%20Statistics.pdf |title=Population statistics |work=Malta Government Gazette |publisher=mjha.gov.mt |date=9 August 2011}} 13. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.lc.gov.mt/mediacenter/PDFs/1_Population%2031-3-13.pdf | title=Estimated Population by Locality | date=31 March 2013 | work=Malta Government Gazette | issue=19,094 | accessdate=23 January 2015 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184236/http://www.lc.gov.mt/mediacenter/PDFs/1_Population%2031-3-13.pdf | archivedate=14 July 2014 | df=dmy-all }} 14. ^1 {{cite web|title=Estimated Population by Locality 31st March, 2014 |url=https://secure2.gov.mt/localgovernment/file.aspx?f=7810 |publisher=Government of Malta |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621211549/https://secure2.gov.mt/localgovernment/file.aspx?f=7810 |archivedate=21 June 2015 |date=16 May 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} 15. ^{{cite web|title=Dr Carmelo Mifsud Bonnici (1984 - 1987)|url=http://www.gov.mt/en/Government/Government%20of%20Malta/Prime%20Ministers%20of%20Malta/Pages/Dr-Carmelo-Mifsud-Bonnici.aspx|website=gov.mt|publisher=Government of Malta|accessdate=9 February 2017}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.doi.gov.mt/EN/islands/presidents/mifsud_bonnici_ugo.asp|title=Department of Information: Dr. Ugo Mifsud: President of Malta (1994 - 1999)|publisher=doi.gov.mt|accessdate=24 July 2011}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/384620/Dom-Mintoff|title=Encyclopædia Britannica: Dom Mintoff |accessdate=24 July 2011 |work=britannica.com}} 18. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20041023/letters/scholars-birth-centenary.109200|last=Mercieca|first=George|title=Scholar's birth centenary|work=The Times of Malta |date=23 October 2004}} 19. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.com.mt/news2.asp?artid=43405 |title=School behaviour |work=The Malta Independent |date=13 December 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315084236/http://www.independent.com.mt/news2.asp?artid=43405 |archivedate=15 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 20. ^{{cite web|title=Council Members|url=http://lc.gov.mt/Page.aspx?catid=67&pid=205|website=lc.gov.mt|accessdate=9 August 2015}} External links{{commons category|Cospicua}}
5 : Cospicua|Mediterranean port cities and towns in Malta|Towns in Malta|Local councils of Malta|Populated places established in the 18th century |
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