“KALIBAPI”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (Association for Service to the New Philippines),^[4]^[6]^[7] or KALIBAPI (Baybayin:{{Script|Tglg|ᜃᜎᜒᜊᜉᜒ}}), was a Fascist Filipino political party that served as the sole party of state during the Japanese occupation. It was intended to be a Filipino version of Japan's governing Imperial Rule Assistance Association.^[8]

History

Formed by the Philippine Executive Commission (Komisyong Tagapagpaganap ng Pilipinas) under the leadership of Jorge Vargas, the party was created by Proclamation No. 109 of the PEC, a piece of legislation passed on December 8, 1942 banning all existing political parties and creating the new governing alliance.^[9] The Japanese had already dissolved all political parties on the islands, including even the pro-Japanese Ganap Party, and established KALIBAPI as a mass movement designed to support the occupation whilst taking advantage of Filipino nationalism in the region.^[10] Inaugurated in December 30, 1942, the death anniversary of Filipino writer and national hero José Rizal, "to emphasize the patriotic basis of the organization",^[11] the party was headed by its Director-General Benigno S. Aquino with Pio Duran as Secretary-General and effective second in command and Ganap leader Benigno Ramos as a member of the executive committee.^[12] The three toured the Philippines, setting up local party organisations and promoting the "new order in East Asia" at mass meetings.^[13]

For the Japanese, KALIBAPI served as a labour recruitment service in its initial stages before taking on an expanded role in mid 1943. It was left to KALIBAPI to write the new constitution and establish the new National Assembly, resulting in Aquino's appointment as Speaker (as his replacement as Director-General by Camilo Osías).^[13] All 54 members of the Assembly were KALIBAPI members, although 33 of them had held elected office before the invasion as well.^[14] KALIBAPI soon claimed a membership that ran into the hundreds of thousands.^[15] The islands were declared officially independent as the Second Philippine Republic on 14 October 1943 under the Presidency of José P. Laurel and his KALIBAPI government.^[16] This had been accomplished through the Preparatory Committee for Philippine Independence, which KALIBAPI had established in mid-1943 under Japanese direction.^[17]

Taking a highly nationalistic standpoint, KALIBAPI was active in initiatives to promote the Tagalog language as a central feature of Filipino identity. To this end a pared-down, 1000 word version of the language was promoted to be learned rapidly by those not yet versed in the language.^[18] The general nationalism of Laurel's government strained relations with Japan, particularly as Laurel had refused to declare war on the United States and United Kingdom.^[16] As such the Japanese instructed Ramos to form a new group, Makapili, in November 1944 to give more tangible military support to the Japanese.^[19]

KALIBAPI disappeared after the Japanese surrender with some of its leaders arrested for collaboration and treason. No former KALIBAPI candidates ran for office in the 1946 general election, and some of those not arrested went into hiding in Philippines, exile in Japan, or were executed by vengeful Filipinos or the Communist-aligned Hukbalahap members.

Sources

References

1. ^Peter de Mendelssohn, Japan's Political Welfare, Taylor & Francis US, 2010, p. 121
2. ^Felixberto G. Bustos, And Now Comes Roxas: The Story of the First President of the Republic of the Philippines and the Occupation, C. Z. Bustos, 1945, p. 187
3. ^Augusto V. de Viana, Kulaboretor!: The Issue of Political Collaboration During World War II, University of Santo Tomas Publishing House, 2003, p. 46
4. ^¹{{Citation |title=KALIBAPI |first=Artemio R. |last=Guillermo |work=Historical Dictionary of the Philippines |edition=Third |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2012 |page=223}}
5. ^Sven Matthiessen, Japanese Pan-Asianism and the Philippines from the Late Nineteenth Century to the End of World War II: Going to the Philippines Is Like Coming Home?, p. 134
6. ^{{Citation |last=Jose |title=KALIBAPI |year=2001}}
7. ^{{Citation |last=Pomeroy |title=The Philippines |year=1992 |page=113}}
8. ^Setsuho Ikehata, Lydia N. Yu-Jose, Philippines-Japan Relations, Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2003, p. 196
9. ^Alphonso J. Aluit, By Sword and Fire: The Destruction of Manila in World War II, 3 February-3 March 1945, Bookmark Inc., 1994
10. ^{{Citation |last=Pomeroy |title=The Philippines |year=1992 |pages=113–114}}
11. ^{{cite news |last=Romero |first=José V. |date=January 26, 2017 |title=Grandad Aquino’s KALIBAPI |url=http://www.manilatimes.net/grandad-aquinos-kalibapi/241578/ |work=The Manila Times |location=Manila |access-date=October 13, 2017 |quote=It was inaugurated on December 30, 1942, the death anniversary of Philippine national hero José Rizal, to emphasize the patriotic basis of the organization.}}
12. ^{{Citation |last=Pomeroy |title=The Philippines |year=1992 |pages=117–118}}
13. ^¹{{Citation |last=Pomeroy |title=The Philippines |year=1992 |page=118}}
14. ^{{Citation |last=Pomeroy |title=The Philippines |year=1992 |page=119}}
15. ^¹David Bernstein, The Philippine Story, READ BOOKS, 2007, p. 163
16. ^¹Ralph Bernard Smith, Chad J. Mitcham, Changing Visions of East Asia, 1943-93: Transformations and Continuities, Taylor & Francis, 2007, p. 22
17. ^Milton Walter Meyer, Asia: A Concise History, Rowman & Littlefield, 1997, p. 305
18. ^Robert B. Kaplan, Richard B. Baldauf, Language and Language-in-Education Planning in the Pacific Basin, Springer, 2003, p. 72
19. ^Ray C. Hunt, Bernard Norling, Behind Japanese Lines: An American Guerrilla in the Philippines, University Press of Kentucky, 2000, p. 142